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World J Clin Cases. Sep 26, 2023; 11(27): 6318-6326
Published online Sep 26, 2023. doi: 10.12998/wjcc.v11.i27.6318
Figure 1
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Figure 1 Glutamine metabolic pathway. Gln: Glutamine; Gls: Glutaminase; Glu: Glutamate; GDH: Glutaminase; α-KG: Alpha-ketoglutaric acid; TCA: Tricarboxylic acid cycle; NADH: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; NADPH: Adenine dinucleotide phosphate.
Figure 2
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Figure 2 Synthesis of serine and glycine. 3-PG: 3-phosphoglycerate; PHGDH: Phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase; 3-PHP: 3-phosphohydroxypyruvate; Glu: Glutamate; α-KG: alpha-ketoglutaric acid; PSAT1: Phosphoserine aminotransferase 1; 3P-Ser: 3-Phosphatidylinic acid; PSPH: Phosphate phosphatase; Ser: Serine; SHMT: Serine hydroxymethyltransferase; Gly: Glycine.
Figure 3
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Figure 3 Synthesis of arginine. Asp: Aspartic acid; Cit: Citrulline; ASS1: Succinic acid synthetase 1; ASL: Arginine succinic acid lyase; Arg: Arginine.
Figure 4
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Figure 4 Methionine cycle. Met: Methionine; MAT: Methionine adenosine transferase; SAM: S-adenosine methionine; SAH: S-adenosine homocysteine; SAHH: S-adenosine homocysteine hydrolase; HCY: Homocysteine.
Figure 5
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Figure 5 Synthesis of cysteine. HCY: Homocysteine; Ser: Serine; CBS: Cysteine β-synthetase; CSE: Cysteine gamma-lyase; Cys: Cysteine.
Figure 6
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Figure 6 Metabolism of branched-chain amino acids. BCAAs: Branched-chain amino acids; BCATs: Branched chain amino transaminase; α-KG: Alpha-ketoglutaric acid; Glu: Glutamate; BCKAs: Branched chain alpha keto acid; BCKDH: Branched chain alpha ketoate dehydrogenase; TCA: Tricarboxylic acid cycle.