Effect of vitamin supplementation on polycystic ovary syndrome and key pathways implicated in its development: A Mendelian randomization study

Figure 1 Summary of the Mendelian randomization investigation. Genetic variations associated with plasma vitamin levels were used as instrumental variables to examine the correlation between exposures and outcomes.

Figure 2 Association of vitamin E supplementation with polycystic ovary syndrome, hyperlipidemia, obesity, and insulin resistance. IVW (re): Inverse variance weighted with random effect; IVW(fe): Inverse variance weighted with fixed effect; VE: Vitamin E; OR: Odds ratio; PCOS: Polycystic ovary syndrome.

Figure 3 Association of vitamin D supplementation with polycystic ovary syndrome, hyperlipidemia, obesity, and insulin resistance. MR-RAPS: MR-robust adjusted profile score; OR: Odds ratio; PCOS: Polycystic ovary syndrome; VD: Vitamin D.

Figure 4 Association of vitamin supplementation with polycystic ovary syndrome, hyperlipidemia, obesity, and insulin resistance. A: Vitamin K; B: Vitamin B12; C: Vitamin A. OR: Odds ratio; PCOS: Polycystic ovary syndrome.