Definition and classification of acute-on-chronic liver diseases

Figure 1 Pathogenesis and clinical classification of acute-on-chronic liver diseases. HBV: Hepatitis B virus; HCV: Hepatitis C virus; CMV: Cytomegalovirus; EBV: Epstein–Barr virus; ALD: Alcohol-associated liver disease; MAFLD: Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease; DILI: Drug-Induced liver injury; AILD: Autoimmune liver disease; MLD: Metabolic liver disease; CLD: Chronic liver disease; AoCLD: Acute-On-Chronic-Liver disease; C-LC: Compensatory liver cirrhosis; D-LC: Decompensated liver cirrhosis; CHAE: Chronic hepatitis with acute exacerbation; LC-A: Liver cirrhosis active phase; LC-AD: Liver cirrhosis acute decompensation; ACLF: Acute-on-chronic liver failure; SIRS: Systemic inflammatory response syndrome; GI bleeding: Gastrointestinal bleeding. ¹Precipitating factors: Hepatitis virus mutation, hepatotoxic drugs, alcohol, immune injury, overlapping virus infection, etc.