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World J Clin Cases. Mar 16, 2023; 11(8): 1684-1693
Published online Mar 16, 2023. doi: 10.12998/wjcc.v11.i8.1684
Diabetic foot ulcer: A comprehensive review of pathophysiology and management modalities
Joel M Raja, Miguel A Maturana, Sharif Kayali, Amir Khouzam, Nephertiti Efeovbokhan
Joel M Raja, Miguel A Maturana, Sharif Kayali, Amir Khouzam, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38119, United States
Nephertiti Efeovbokhan, Department of Cardiology, NEA Baptist Jonesboro, Jonesboro, AR 72401, United States
Author contributions: Raja JM, Khouzam A, Maturana MA, Kayali S, Efeovbokhan N all contributed equally to the manuscript; all authors have read and approve the final manuscript.
Conflict-of-interest statement: The authors state that there are no conflicts of interest to declare.
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Joel M Raja, MD, Postdoctoral Fellow, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 2750 Mcvay Road, Memphis, TN 38119, United States. jraja@uthsc.edu
Received: October 22, 2022
Peer-review started: October 22, 2022
First decision: December 26, 2022
Revised: January 8, 2023
Accepted: February 17, 2023
Article in press: February 17, 2023
Published online: March 16, 2023
Processing time: 135 Days and 9 Hours
Core Tip

Core Tip: Diabetic foot ulcer: Pathophysiology: - Neuropathy including sensory and motor - Vascular insufficiency leading to ischemia - Secondary infection with inflammation. Overview of management: (1) Preventive care including self-screening, health care screening, insoles, podiatric care; (2) Noninvasive modalities including wound dressing, human skin equivalent, topical growth factors, shock wave therapy, stem cell therapy, hyperbaric oxygen, negative pressure, shock wave therapy, maggot therapy, antibiotics; and (3) Invasive modalities including debridement, revascularization, skin grafting, amputation.