Retrospective Study
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2023. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
World J Clin Cases. Oct 16, 2023; 11(29): 7034-7042
Published online Oct 16, 2023. doi: 10.12998/wjcc.v11.i29.7034
Axenfeld-Reiger syndrome: A search for the missing links
Ripunjay Prasad, Chetana Gone, Ravi Naik Ramavath, Nazia Nain, Prateek Nishant, Sony Sinha, Prasanna Venkatesh Ramesh, Arvind Kumar Morya
Arvind Kumar Morya, Nazia Nain, Ravi Naik Ramavath, Chetana Gone, Department of Ophthalmology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bibi Nagar, Hyderabad 508126, Telangana, India
Prasanna Venkatesh Ramesh, Glaucoma Medical Officer, Mahathma Eye Hospital Private Limited, Thennur, Trichy 620017, Tamil Nadu, India
Sony Sinha, Department of Ophthalmology-Vitreo-Retina and Oculoplasty, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Patna 801507, Bihar, India
Prateek Nishant, Department of Ophthalmology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Patna 801507, Bihar, India
Ripunjay Prasad, Department of Ophthalmology, RP Eye Institute, Delhi 110001, Delhi, India
Author contributions: Morya AK designed and performed the research and wrote the paper; Venkatesh PV designed the research and supervised the report; Sinha S and Nishant P designed the research and contributed to the analysis; Nain N, Ramavath RN, Gone C, and Prasad R provided clinical advice.
Institutional review board statement: We are submitting an invited case series titled “Axenfeld-Reiger Syndrome: A search for the missing links”. As this is a retrospective observational study so as per our Institute norms, no institutional ethical clearance is needed for such studies and publications.
Informed consent statement: Informed written consent was obtained from the patients for publication of this report and accompanying images.
Conflict-of-interest statement: All the authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Data sharing statement: Appropriate consent was taken from the adult patients and from the parents of minor patients.
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Arvind Kumar Morya, MBBS, MNAMS, MS, Additional Professor, Department of Ophthalmology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bibi Nagar, Hyderabad 508126, Telangana, India. bulbul.morya@gmail.com
Received: August 17, 2023
Peer-review started: August 17, 2023
First decision: September 4, 2023
Revised: September 12, 2023
Accepted: September 18, 2023
Article in press: September 18, 2023
Published online: October 16, 2023
Processing time: 57 Days and 6.7 Hours
Core Tip

Core Tip: Clinical characteristic of Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome (ARS) is well defined and approximately 50% develop glaucoma later in life. Despite significant progress in unraveling the genetic basis of ARS, many questions still remain unanswered. One of the key challenges in studying this syndrome is the wide variability in clinical presentation, even among individuals with the same underlying genetic mutation. This suggests the involvement of additional genetic and environmental factors that modulate the phenotypic expression of the syndrome. Researchers are actively exploring epigenetic modifications, gene-gene interactions, and gene-environment interactions to uncover these missing links.