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World J Clin Cases. Nov 6, 2024; 12(31): 6451-6461
Published online Nov 6, 2024. doi: 10.12998/wjcc.v12.i31.6451
Recent developments in immunotherapy approaches for allergic rhinitis
Yu Fu, Yi-Lai Song, Zhong-Guo Liu
Yu Fu, Yi-Lai Song, Zhong-Guo Liu, Drug Clinical Trial Unit, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi Province, China
Author contributions: Fu Y contributed to the manuscript conceptualization, manuscript preparation, methodology, and the final revision of the manuscript; Fu Y and Song YL contributed to the data curation; Liu ZG contributed to the manuscript revision. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Conflict-of-interest statement: All the authors report no relevant conflicts of interest for this article.
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Zhong-Guo Liu, MD, Professor, Drug Clinical Trial Unit, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, No. 13 Jiefang South Road, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi Province, China. lzg1810@163.com
Received: March 14, 2024
Revised: July 22, 2024
Accepted: August 16, 2024
Published online: November 6, 2024
Processing time: 181 Days and 3.4 Hours
Abstract

Allergic rhinitis (AR) poses a significant global health burden, with the potential to progress to asthma, thereby impacting patients’ quality of life. Immunotherapy has demonstrated effectiveness in mitigating clinical symptoms by altering the underlying disease mechanisms of AR. This article provides a thorough review of the current state of immunotherapy for AR, encompassing various facets of immunotherapeutic strategies, elucidating their mechanisms and clinical implications. By presenting a nuanced understanding of the present landscape of immunotherapy for AR, this review aims to serve as a valuable reference for informing clinical treatment strategies. The subsequent analysis of diverse immunotherapeutic pathways offers a comprehensive understanding of their mechanisms and clinical implications. A meticulous examination is conducted on subcutaneous immunotherapy, sublingual immunotherapy, oral immunotherapy, intralymphatic immunotherapy, and innovative intravenous gold-induced autologous serum injection therapy. Each pathway is systematically elucidated, with its distinctive features and potential contributions to managing AR emphasized. In conclusion, synthesizing epidemiological insights, immunotherapeutic nuances, and pathway-specific analyses encapsulates a profound understanding of immunotherapy for AR.

Keywords: Allergic rhinitis; Asthma; Epidemiology; Immunoglobulin E; Immunotherapy

Core Tip: This comprehensive review thoroughly examines various immunotherapeutic pathways. Each pathway is systematically elucidated, with its distinctive features, mechanisms, and clinical implications highlighted. The review critically assesses the epidemiological landscape of allergic rhinitis, shedding light on its diverse regional characteristics and influencing factors. Furthermore, combining immunotherapy with antibody therapy signifies a promising frontier in severe allergic rhinitis treatment. The review outlines relevant indicators for predicting immunotherapy efficacy, emphasizing the importance of identifying immune cells, cytokines, metabolites, and metabolic pathways associated with treatment outcomes. Despite the proven benefits of immunotherapy, the review candidly addresses its limitations.