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World J Clin Cases. Jun 6, 2024; 12(16): 2704-2712
Published online Jun 6, 2024. doi: 10.12998/wjcc.v12.i16.2704
Advanced nanomedicines and immunotherapeutics to treat respiratory diseases especially COVID-19 induced thrombosis
Jie Wu, Ying Zheng, Li-Na Zhang, Cai-Li Gu, Wang-Li Chen, Min-Qiang Chang
Jie Wu, Ying Zheng, Li-Na Zhang, Cai-Li Gu, Wang-Li Chen, Department of Respiratory and Oncology, 72nd Group Army Hospital of PLA, Huzhou 313000, Zhejiang Province, China
Min-Qiang Chang, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, 72nd Group Army Hospital of PLA, Huzhou 313000, Zhejiang Province, China
Author contributions: Wu J, Chang MQ, contributed to the design of the study, collected data and drafted the manuscript; Wu J, Zhang LN, Gu CL performed the data analyses and revised the manuscript; Chen WL, Chang MQ, Zheng Y helped perform the analysis with constructive discussions; Chang MQ conceived the work that led to the submission and approved the final version; and all authors issued final approval for the version to be submitted.
Conflict-of-interest statement: All authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Min-Qiang Chang, MD, PhD, Chief Physician, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, 72nd Group Army Hospital of PLA, Chezhan Road, Wuxing District, Huzhou 313000, Zhejiang Province, China. cmqent98@163.com
Received: December 24, 2023
Revised: March 6, 2024
Accepted: April 16, 2024
Published online: June 6, 2024
Processing time: 157 Days and 8.9 Hours
Abstract

Immunotherapy and associated immune regulation strategies gained huge attraction in order to be utilized for treatment and prevention of respiratory diseases. Engineering specifically nanomedicines can be used to regulate host immunity in lungs in the case of respiratory diseases including coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection. COVID-19 causes pulmonary embolisms, thus new therapeutic options are required to target thrombosis, as conventional treatment options are either not effective due to the complexity of the immune-thrombosis pathophysiology. In this review, we discuss regulation of immune response in respiratory diseases especially COVID-19. We further discuss thrombosis and provide an overview of some antithrombotic nanoparticles, which can be used to develop nanomedicine against thrombo-inflammation induced by COVID-19 and other respiratory infectious diseases. We also elaborate the importance of immunomodulatory nanomedicines that can block pro-inflammatory signalling pathways, and thus can be recommended to treat respiratory infectious diseases.

Keywords: Nanomedicines, Immunotherapeutics, Respiratory diseases, COVID-19, Thrombosis

Core Tip: Respiratory infectious diseases have been known for their leading role in causing of morbidity and mortality, and thus are serious threat to global healthcare systems. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and H1N1 influenza viral diseases, and tuberculosis are respiratory infection disease that have caused huge burden on healthcare system and caused death in millions of people across the globe. Immune system plays critical role to control these infections such that COVID-19 triggers immune responses and activates inflammatory reactions soon after the viral entrance into the body. Meanwhile antiinflammatory responses are generated to decrease the severity of symptoms and proceed for recovery. In this regard researchers have reported unique involvement of NETosis in the case of COVID-19 pathophysiology that contributes prominently to the progression and development of disease. Therefore, targeting specific points using immunotherpeutic molecules, serious infections can be controlled or eradicated.