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World J Clin Cases. Feb 26, 2023; 11(6): 1252-1260
Published online Feb 26, 2023. doi: 10.12998/wjcc.v11.i6.1252
Review of the prevalence, diagnostics, and containment measures of the current mpox outbreak
Adekunle Sanyaolu, Aleksandra Marinkovic, Chuku Okorie, Stephanie Prakash, Nafees Haider, Yashika Dixon, Ricardo Izurieta, Olanrewaju Badaru, Stella Smith
Adekunle Sanyaolu, Olanrewaju Badaru, Public Health, Federal Ministry of Health, Abuja 083, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria
Aleksandra Marinkovic, Stephanie Prakash, Basic Science, Saint James School of Medicine, The Quarter 2640, Anguilla
Chuku Okorie, Allied Sciences, Union County College, Plainfield, NJ 07060, United States
Nafees Haider, Basic Science, All Saints University School of Medicine, Roseau 0000, Dominica
Yashika Dixon, Basic Science, Windsor University School of Medicine, Cayon 0000, Saint Kitts and Nevis
Ricardo Izurieta, Global Communicable Diseases, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, United States
Stella Smith, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos 101245, Nigeria
Author contributions: Sanyaolu A contributed to conceptualization and methodology; Marinkovic A, Prakash S, Haider N, Dixon Y contributed to writing – original draft preparation; Izurieta R, Badaru O, Okorie C, Smith S contributed to writing – review & editing; Marinkovic A contributed to project administration.
Conflict-of-interest statement: All the authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Adekunle Sanyaolu, PhD, Academic Research, Director, Public Health, Federal Ministry of Health, Federal Ministry of Health, New Federal Secretariat Complex, Phase III, Ahmadu Bello Way, Central Business District, Abuja 083, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria. sanyakunle@hotmail.com
Received: October 15, 2022
Peer-review started: October 15, 2022
First decision: January 5, 2023
Revised: January 17, 2023
Accepted: February 2, 2023
Article in press: February 2, 2023
Published online: February 26, 2023
Processing time: 132 Days and 8.6 Hours
Abstract

Monkeypox (mpox), is a disease from the Poxviridae family that can cause several serious medical issues. This mini-review sought to analyze the existing literature regarding the current mpox outbreak with a focus on the prevalence, diagnostics, and containment measures. Mpox cases have been reported to World Health Organization (WHO) from 85 Member States in all six WHO regions during the period of January 1, 2022, through August 3, 2022. Standardized or optimized guidelines for the clinical care of patients with mpox are limited, particularly in low-resource settings. In an effort to achieve guidance and meet standards, special attention should be paid to this outbreak in order to eradicate such a rare infectious disease by analyzing prevention and control measures. Patient outcomes may also be poor, and their illnesses may last for a long time. The spectrum of clinical symptoms, including complications and sequelae, as well as aspects of the illness may be indicators of sickness severity and complications; therefore, its clinical presentation must be better understood to improve containment measures. In addition, it is important to create and evaluate a standard of care that takes a variety of parameters into account, including antiviral, immune therapies, and clinical metrics that are particular to mpox. The global emergence of mpox has presented new challenges for public health and has called for further investigation into its epidemiological profile across international contexts.

Keywords: Monkeypox virus; Outbreak; Prevalence; Containment; Epidemiology; Orthopoxvirus

Core Tip: Monkeypox (mpox) cases have been reported to WHO from 85 Member States in all six World Health Organization (WHO) regions from January 1, 2022, through August 3, 2022. Over 25000 laboratory-confirmed cases and 122 suspected cases, including 11 fatalities, had been reported to WHO as of August 3, 2022. Most of these cases since May 13, 2022, have come from nations lacking evidence of mpox transmission. Standardized or optimized guidelines are limited for the clinical care of patients with mpox, especially in low-resource settings. This paper aims to review the prevalence, diagnostics, and containment of mpox.