Retrospective Study
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2023. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
World J Clin Cases. Oct 26, 2023; 11(30): 7284-7293
Published online Oct 26, 2023. doi: 10.12998/wjcc.v11.i30.7284
Clinical implications of forkhead box M1, cyclooxygenase-2, and glucose-regulated protein 78 in breast invasive ductal carcinoma
Jie Bai, Ying Li, Li Cai
Jie Bai, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Joint Logistics Support Unit 940 Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, Gansu Province, China
Ying Li, Department of Breast Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Shijiazhuang, Shijiazhuang 050032, Hebei Province, China
Li Cai, Department of Pathology, Huai’an Maternal and Child Health Care Center, Huai’an 223002, Jiangsu Province, China
Author contributions: Bai J and Cai L designed the research study, analyzed the data, and wrote the manuscript; Bai J, Cai L, and Li Y performed the research, and contributed new reagents and analytic tools; all authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
Institutional review board statement: This study was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of the Joint Logistics Support Unit 940 Hospital.
Informed consent statement: All study participants provided written informed consent.
Conflict-of-interest statement: We have no financial relationships to disclose.
Data sharing statement: No additional data are available.
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Li Cai, MD, Doctor, Department of Pathology, Huai’an Maternal and Child Health Care Center, No. 104 Renmin South Road, Qingjiangpu District, Huai’an 223002, Jiangsu Province, China. aa14756893@163.com
Received: August 15, 2023
Peer-review started: August 15, 2023
First decision: August 31, 2023
Revised: September 11, 2023
Accepted: September 18, 2023
Article in press: September 18, 2023
Published online: October 26, 2023
Processing time: 70 Days and 22.5 Hours
Abstract
BACKGROUND

Breast infiltrating ductal carcinoma (BIDC) represents the largest heterotypic tumor group, and an in-depth understanding of the pathogenesis of BIDC is key to improving its prognosis.

AIM

To analyze the expression profiles and clinical implications of forkhead box M1 (FOXM1), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) in BIDC.

METHODS

A total of 65 BIDC patients and 70 healthy controls who presented to our hospital between August 2019 and May 2021 were selected for analysis. The peripheral blood FOXM1, COX-2, and GRP78 levels in both groups were measured and the association between their expression profiles in BIDC was examined. Additionally, we investigated the diagnostic value of FOXM1, COX-2, and GRP78 in patients with BIDC and their correlations with clinicopathological features. Furthermore, BIDC patients were followed for 1 year to identify factors influencing patient prognosis.

RESULTS

The levels of FOXM1, COX-2, and GRP78 were significantly higher in BIDC patients compared to healthy controls (P < 0.05), and a positive correlation was observed among them (P < 0.05). Receiver operating characteristic analysis demonstrated that FOXM1, COX-2, and GRP78 had excellent diagnostic value in predicting the occurrence of BIDC (P < 0.05). Subsequently, we found significant differences in FOXM1, COX-2, and GRP78 levels among patients with different histological grades and metastasis statuses (with vs without) (P < 0.05). Cox analysis revealed that FOXM1, COX-2, GRP78, increased histological grade, and the presence of tumor metastasis were independent risk factors for prognostic death in BIDC (P < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

FOXM1, COX-2, and GRP78 exhibit abnormally high expression in BIDC, promoting malignant tumor development and closely correlating with prognosis. These findings hold significant research implications for the future diagnosis and treatment of BIDC.

Keywords: Diagnostic value; Forkhead box M1; Cyclooxygenase-2; Glucose-regulated protein 78; Clinical implications

Core Tip: Forkhead box M1, cyclooxygenase-2, and glucose-regulated protein 78 exhibit elevated expression in breast invasive ductal carcinoma (BIDC) and are associated with a poor prognosis. Their diagnostic value suggests their potential as biomarkers for BIDC detection. Understanding their clinical implications can aid in the diagnosis and treatment of BIDC, contributing to improved patient outcomes.