Case Report
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2023. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
World J Clin Cases. Oct 16, 2023; 11(29): 7214-7220
Published online Oct 16, 2023. doi: 10.12998/wjcc.v11.i29.7214
Aggressive angiomyxoma of the epididymis: A case report
Xu-Jie Liu, Jia-Hao Su, Qi-Zhong Fu, Ying Liu
Xu-Jie Liu, Jia-Hao Su, Qi-Zhong Fu, Ying Liu, Department of Urology Surgery, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian 116001, Liaoning Province, China
Author contributions: Liu XJ and Su JH contributed equally to this manuscript and can be regarded as co-first authors; Liu XJ and Fu QZ performed the surgery, analysed and collected the data; Liu XJ and Su JH wrote the paper and the study concept and design; Liu Y performed the linguistic review; Liu Y critically reviewed the manuscript; Fu QZ performed the histological analyses, analysed and interpreted the imaging findings; and all the authors provided final approval for the version to be final approval of the submitted version.
Informed consent statement: Ethics approval and consent to participate. This case report was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University. Written informed consent was obtained from the patient for publication of this clinical case report. Consent for publication written informed consent was obtained from the patient for publication of this case report and any accompanying images.
Conflict-of-interest statement: All the authors report no relevant conflicts of interest for this article.
CARE Checklist (2016) statement: The authors have read the CARE Checklist (2016), and the manuscript was prepared and revised according to the CARE Checklist (2016).
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Ying Liu, PhD, Professor, Department of Urology Surgery, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, No. 6 Jiefang Street, Dalian 116001, Liaoning Province, China. lypl197379@163.com
Received: August 1, 2023
Peer-review started: August 1, 2023
First decision: August 31, 2023
Revised: September 5, 2023
Accepted: September 18, 2023
Article in press: September 18, 2023
Published online: October 16, 2023
Processing time: 73 Days and 1.2 Hours
Abstract
BACKGROUND

Aggressive angiomyolipoma is an extremely rare benign mesenchymal tumor that was originally described as a locally recurrent mucinous spindle cell tumour. Aggressive angiomyolipoma originates from myofibroblasts, vascular smooth muscle cells, or fibroblasts, and displays various phenotypes of myofibroblasts and abnormal muscle arteries. Aggressive angiomyolipoma was first identified in 1983 and fewer than 50 male patients have been reported to date. It is an extremely rare mesenchymal tumour and often confused with other diseases. Patients with epididymal aggressive angiomyolipoma lack typical symptoms, most of which occur incidentally, although some patients may experience mild pain, discomfort, and swelling. Pain may be exacerbated by pressure from the mass.

CASE SUMMARY

A 66-year-old male was admitted to the hospital on January 14, 2022 with chief complaint of swelling in the left scrotum for one year. There was no apparent cause for the swelling. The patient did not consult with any doctor or receive any treatment for the swelling. The enlarged scrotum increased in size gradually until it reached approximately the size of a goose egg, and was accompanied by discomfort and swelling of the left cavity of the scrotum. The patient had no history of any testicular trauma, infection, or urinary tract infection. The patient urinated freely, 1-2 times at night, without urgency, dysuria (painful urination), or haematuria. There was no significant family history of malignancy. The patient underwent excision of the enlarged tumour and the left epididymis under general anaesthesia on January 18, 2022. Twelve months of follow-up revealed no recurrence. The patient was satisfied with the treatment.

CONCLUSION

Aggressive angiomyolipoma is extremely rare clinically and often confused with other diseases. The pathogenesis of aggressive angiomyolipoma is unclear and the clinical presentation is mostly a painless enlarged mass. The diagnosis of aggressive angiomyolipoma requires a combination of medical history, preoperative imaging such as computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, cytological examination and preoperative and postoperative pathological biopsy. The preferred treatment is surgery, with the possibility of a new alternative treatment option after hormonal therapy. Aggressive angiomyolipoma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of parametrial tumors of the male genital area that present as clinically significant masses. The high recurrence rate of aggressive angiomyolipoma may be related to incomplete tumor resection, and patients with aggressive angiomyolipoma are advised to undergo annual postoperative follow-up and imaging for recurrence.

Keywords: Aggressive angiomyxoma; Mesenchymal tumor; Scrotal mass; Epididymal malignancy; Orchiectomy; Male reproductive system neoplasms; Case report

Core Tip: Aggressive angiomyolipoma is an extremely rare benign mesenchymal tumor originally described as a locally recurrent mucinous spindle cell tumor. Aggressive angiomyolipoma was first identified in 1983 and fewer than 50 male patients have been reported to date. Aggressive angiomyolipomas in the scrotum are often misdiagnosed on physical examination and resemble other urological disorders such as testicular tumors, varicoceles, and inguinal hernias. Surgery is the preferred treatment option, and there may be new alternatives after hormone therapy. Aggressive angiomyolipoma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a parametrial tumor of the male genital region presenting as a clinically significant mass.