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©The Author(s) 2023. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
Mechanism and recent updates on insulin-related disorders
Shashank Kumar, Sabyasachi Senapati, Neetu Bhattacharya, Amit Bhattacharya, Shashank Kumar Maurya, Hadiya Husain, Jasvinder Singh Bhatti, Abhay Kumar Pandey
Shashank Kumar, Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, Punjab, India
Sabyasachi Senapati, Jasvinder Singh Bhatti, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, Punjab, India
Neetu Bhattacharya, Department of Zoology, Dyal Singh College, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110003, India
Amit Bhattacharya, Department of Zoology, Ramjas College, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110007, India
Shashank Kumar Maurya, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110007, India
Hadiya Husain, Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow 226007, India
Abhay Kumar Pandey, Department of Biochemistry, University of Allahabad, Allahabad (Prayagraj) 211002, India
Author contributions: Kumar S, Senapati S, Bhattacharya N, Bhattacharya A, Maurya SK, Husain H, and Bhatti JS performed the literature search; Kumar S, Senapati S, Bhattacharya N, Bhattacharya A, Maurya SK, and Husain H wrote the first draft of the manuscript and validated the references; Pandey AK and Kumar S conceptualized the idea and critically reviewed and revised the manuscript; and all authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
Conflict-of-interest statement: All the authors report no relevant conflicts of interest for this article.
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See:
https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/ Corresponding author: Abhay Kumar Pandey, PhD, Professor, Department of Biochemistry, University of Allahabad, University Road, Allahabad (Prayagraj) 211002, India. akpandey23@rediffmail.com
Received: June 3, 2023
Peer-review started: June 3, 2023
First decision: June 14, 2023
Revised: July 6, 2023
Accepted: August 7, 2023
Article in press: August 7, 2023
Published online: September 6, 2023
Processing time: 89 Days and 14.9 Hours
Insulin, a small protein with 51 amino acids synthesized by pancreatic β-cells, is crucial to sustain glucose homeostasis at biochemical and molecular levels. Numerous metabolic dysfunctions are related to insulin-mediated altered glucose homeostasis. One of the significant pathophysiological conditions linked to the insulin associated disorder is diabetes mellitus (DM) (type 1, type 2, and gestational). Insulin resistance (IR) is one of the major underlying causes of metabolic disorders despite its association with several physiological conditions. Metabolic syndrome (MS) is another pathophysiological condition that is associated with IR, hypertension, and obesity. Further, several other pathophysiological disorders/diseases are associated with the insulin malfunctioning, which include polycystic ovary syndrome, neuronal disorders, and cancer. Insulinomas are an uncommon type of pancreatic β-cell-derived neuroendocrine tumor that makes up 2% of all pancreatic neoplasms. Literature revealed that different biochemical events, molecular signaling pathways, microRNAs, and microbiota act as connecting links between insulin disorder and associated pathophysiology such as DM, insuloma, neurological disorder, MS, and cancer. In this review, we focus on the insulin-related disorders and the underlying mechanisms associated with the pathophysiology.
Core Tip: Insulin mediated glucose homeostasis is an important event in human physiology as it fuels the life. Malfunctioning of insulin and its secretion has been linked to initiation and progression of altered pathophysiological conditions at biochemical and molecular levels. This review will help the scientific community to understand the biochemical and molecular axis of insulin-related disorders and associated pathophysiological complications and thus devise their treatment strategy.
