Huang Q, Zheng XM, Zhang ML, Ning P, Wu MJ. Lactation mastitis: Promising alternative indicators for early diagnosis. World J Clin Cases 2022; 10(31): 11252-11259 [PMID: 36387788 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i31.11252]
Corresponding Author of This Article
Ping Ning, MD, Doctor, Department of Breast, Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, No. 1617 Riyue Avenue, Qingyang District, Chengdu 610000, Sichuan Province, China. nping11@163.com
Research Domain of This Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Article-Type of This Article
Minireviews
Open-Access Policy of This Article
This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Qian Huang, Xue-Mei Zheng, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610000, Sichuan Province, China
Mao-Lin Zhang, Department of Anesthesiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, Sichuan Province, China
Ping Ning, Department of Breast, Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, Chengdu 610000, Sichuan Province, China
Meng-Jun Wu, Department of Anesthesiology, Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, Chengdu 610000, Sichuan Province, China
Author contributions: Huang Q, Zheng XM and Zhang ML contributed equally to this work; Ning P, Wu MJ designed the research study; Huang Q, Zheng XM collected data from the literature; Huang Q, Zheng XM and Zhang ML wrote the manuscript; Ning P, Wu MJ conducted a review of the manuscript; all authors have read and approve the final manuscript.
Conflict-of-interest statement: The authors have no potential conflicts of interest to disclose.
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Ping Ning, MD, Doctor, Department of Breast, Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, No. 1617 Riyue Avenue, Qingyang District, Chengdu 610000, Sichuan Province, China. nping11@163.com
Received: May 9, 2022 Peer-review started: May 9, 2022 First decision: August 21, 2022 Revised: August 31, 2022 Accepted: September 22, 2022 Article in press: September 22, 2022 Published online: November 6, 2022 Processing time: 170 Days and 22.4 Hours
Abstract
Although lactation mastitis (LM) has been extensively researched, the incidence rate of LM remains a salient clinical problem. To reduce this incidence rate and achieve a better prognosis, early and specific quantitative indicators are particularly important. It has been found that milk electrolyte concentrations (chloride, potassium, and sodium) and electrical conductivity (EC) significantly change in the early stages of LM in an animal model. Several studies have evaluated EC for the detection of subclinical mastitis in cows. EC, chloride, and sodium content of milk were more accurate for predicting infection status than were other variables. In the early stages of LM, lactic sodium, chloride, and EC increase, but potassium decreases. However, these indicators have not been reported in the diagnosis of LM in humans. This review summarizes the pathogenesis and the mechanism of LM in terms of milk electrolyte concentration and EC, and aim to provide new ideas for the detection of sub-clinical mastitis in humans.
Core Tip: It has been found that milk electrolyte concentrations and electrical conductivity (EC) significantly change in the early stages of lactation mastitis (LM) in an animal model, allowing the early and specific diagnosis of LM. These indicators have not been reported in the diagnosis of LM in humans. We summarize the pathogenesis and the mechanism of LM in terms of milk electrolyte concentrations and EC and aim to provide new ideas for the early diagnosis of LM in humans.
