Salvadori M, Rosso G. Update on the gut microbiome in health and diseases. World J Methodol 2024; 14(1): 89196 [PMID: 38577200 DOI: 10.5662/wjm.v14.i1.89196]
Corresponding Author of This Article
Maurizio Salvadori, MD, Professor, Department of Renal Transplantation, Careggi University Hospital, Viale Pieraccini 18, Florence 50139, Tuscany, Italy. maurizio.salvadori1@gmail.com
Research Domain of This Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Article-Type of This Article
Review
Open-Access Policy of This Article
This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
World J Methodol. Mar 20, 2024; 14(1): 89196 Published online Mar 20, 2024. doi: 10.5662/wjm.v14.i1.89196
Update on the gut microbiome in health and diseases
Maurizio Salvadori, Giuseppina Rosso
Maurizio Salvadori, Department of Renal Transplantation, Careggi University Hospital, Florence 50139, Tuscany, Italy
Giuseppina Rosso, Division of Nephrology, San Giovanni di Dio Hospital, Florence 50143, Toscana, Italy
Author contributions: Salvadori M and Rosso G equally contributed to the development of the manuscript; Salvadori M and Rosso G wrote the manuscript; Rosso G looked for new references; Both authors reviewed the final manuscript.
Conflict-of-interest statement: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Maurizio Salvadori, MD, Professor, Department of Renal Transplantation, Careggi University Hospital, Viale Pieraccini 18, Florence 50139, Tuscany, Italy. maurizio.salvadori1@gmail.com
Received: October 23, 2023 Peer-review started: October 23, 2023 First decision: December 6, 2023 Revised: December 18, 2023 Accepted: January 27, 2024 Article in press: January 27, 2024 Published online: March 20, 2024 Processing time: 135 Days and 20.2 Hours
Abstract
The Human Microbiome Project, Earth Microbiome Project, and next-generation sequencing have advanced novel genome association, host genetic linkages, and pathogen identification. The microbiome is the sum of the microbes, their genetic information, and their ecological niche. This study will describe how millions of bacteria in the gut affect the human body in health and disease. The gut microbiome changes in relation with age, with an increase in Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes. Host and environmental factors affecting the gut microbiome are diet, drugs, age, smoking, exercise, and host genetics. In addition, changes in the gut microbiome may affect the local gut immune system and systemic immune system. In this study, we discuss how the microbiome may affect the metabolism of healthy subjects or may affect the pathogenesis of metabolism-generating metabolic diseases. Due to the high number of publications on the argument, from a methodologically point of view, we decided to select the best papers published in referred journals in the last 3 years. Then we selected the previously published papers. The major goals of our study were to elucidate which microbiome and by which pathways are related to healthy and disease conditions.
Core Tip: Gut microbiome has relevant importance in healthy and diseased subjects. The production of several metabolites from the gut microbiome influences the immune system, brain, lung, heart, and metabolism. In the case of normal indigenous microbiota, metabolites produced have a benign action and contribute to the health. By contrast, the presence of pathobionts with their products may affect the different organs and produce diseases. The study of the gut microbiome is a difficult one and different omics technologies should be applied. The large quantity of studies highlights the relevance of the gut microbiome in health and disease.
