Obstructive uropathy: Overview of the pathogenesis, etiology and management of a prevalent cause of acute kidney injury

Abstract

Obstructive uropathy is defined as the structural or functional interruption of urinary outflow at any level in the urinary tract. It is regarded as one of the most prevalent causes of acute kidney injury (AKI), accounting for 5%–10% of cases. Acute severe obstruction of the urinary tract is a potentially threatening situation for the kidneys and therefore requires prompt identification and management to relieve obstruction. The aim of the present article is to review and synthesize available evidence on obstructive uropathy, providing a clinical guideline for clinicians. A literature review on obstructive uropathy in the context of AKI was performed, focusing on the least clarified aspects regarding diagnosis and management. Recent literature searching was conducted in English and top-level evidence articles including systematic reviews, metanalyses and large series were prioritized. Acute obstruction of the urinary tract is a diagnostic and therapeutical challenge that may lead to important clinical complications together with direct structural and hemodynamic damage to the kidney. Early recognition of the leading cause and its exact location is essential to ensure prompt urinary drainage together with the most suitable drainage technique selection. A multidisciplinary approach, including urologists, nephrologists, and other medical specialties, is best suited to correctly manage concomitant hemodynamic changes, fluid and electrolyte imbalances, and other related issues. Obstructive uropathy is one of the leading causes of AKI. Recognition of patients suitable for early diversion and feasibility or adequate selection of the indicated technique is sometimes challenging. A thorough understanding of the physiopathology behind the development of urinary obstruction is vital for correct diagnosis and management.

Keywords: Obstructive uropathy; Urinary tract obstruction; Obstruction of the urinary tract; Acute kidney injury; Urinary diversion; Renal recovery

Core Tip: Obstructive uropathy is a prevalent cause of acute kidney injury that can potentially lead to death or irreversible and permanent tissue damage leading to chronic kidney disease. It is of vital importance to perform a correct initial assessment in order to identify patients that may benefit from early urinary diversion. Acute obstruction of the urinary tract leads to volume overload, electrolyte imbalances and infectious complications that need to be correctly addressed, therefore, a multidisciplinary team is key. Management of urinary tract obstruction does not end after urinary diversion. Timing and adequate management of such condition will determine renal recovery following obstruction.