Pathogenesis and clinical management of arboviral diseases

Table 1 Dengue live-attenuated vaccines phase III clinical trials-ClinicalTrials.gov database

Vaccine	Intervention/treatment	ClinicalTrials.gov ID	Status	Sponsor
DengVaxia©	CYD tetravalent dengue vaccine/human papillomavirus quadrivalent vaccine	NCT02993757	Completed	Sanofi Pasteur
	CYD tetravalent dengue vaccine/human papillomavirus bivalent vaccine	NCT02979535	Completed	Sanofi Pasteur
	CYD tetravalent dengue vaccine/yellow fever vaccine	NCT01436396	Completed	Sanofi Pasteur
	CYD tetravalent dengue vaccine/pentaxim™ vaccine	NCT01411241	Completed	Sanofi Pasteur
	Placebo/CYD tetravalent dengue vaccine	NCT01374516	Completed	Sanofi Pasteur
	Placebo/CYD tetravalent dengue vaccine	NCT01373281	Completed	Sanofi Pasteur
	Placebo/CYD tetravalent dengue vaccine	NCT01254422	Completed	Sanofi Pasteur
	Placebo/CYD tetravalent dengue vaccine	NCT01134263	Completed	Sanofi Pasteur
QDenga©	Placebo/TAK-003 tetravalent dengue vaccine	NCT06060067	Recruiting	Takeda
	9vHPV vaccine/TAK-003 tetravalent dengue vaccine	NCT04313244	Completed	Takeda
	Placebo/TAK-003 tetravalent dengue vaccine	NCT03999996	Completed	Takeda
	TAK-003 tetravalent dengue vaccine	NCT03771963	Completed	Takeda
	Placebo/TAK-003 tetravalent dengue vaccine/HAV vaccine	NCT03525119	Completed	Takeda
	Placebo/TAK-003 tetravalent dengue vaccine	NCT03423173	Completed	Takeda
	Placebo/TAK-003 tetravalent dengue vaccine/yellow fever vaccine	NCT03342898	Completed	Takeda
	Placebo/TAK-003 tetravalent dengue vaccine	NCT03341637	Completed	Takeda
	Placebo/TAK-003 tetravalent dengue vaccine	NCT02747927	Active, not recruiting	Takeda
Dengue Vaccine by Butantan	Placebo/butantan tetravalent dengue vaccine	NCT02406729	Active, not recruiting	Butantan Institute

Table 2 Recommendation for viral testing during Zika virus outbreak-World Health Organization

No.	Priority recommendation for viral testing during periods of ZIKV outbreak-WHO
1	Symptomatic patients who have had sexual relations with a partner with probable or confirmed infection
2	Suspected patients with neurological complications
3	Pregnant women with a travel history to endemic areas, residents in endemic areas or those in current outbreak regions
4	Pregnant women who have had sexual relations with a confirmed or probably infected patient
5	Pregnant women with suspected or confirmed fetal brain anomalies who have a travel history to endemic areas or reside in endemic areas or current outbreak regions
6	Women who have had miscarriages or stillbirths and traveled or resided in Zika virus-affected areas during pregnancy
7	Infants born with microcephaly or neurological complications whose mothers traveled or resided in endemic areas or current outbreak regions
8	Breastfeeding infants with mothers diagnosed with the viral infection

ZIKV: Zika virus; WHO: World Health Organization.

Table 3 Zika vaccines currently in clinical trials-clinicalTrials.gov database

Vaccine technology platforms	Intervention/treatment	ClinicalTrials.gov ID	Phase	Status	Sponsor
DNA vaccine	Biological: VRC-ZKADNA090-00-VP; Other: VRC-PBSPLA043-00-VP	NCT03110770	2	Completed	NIAID
	Biological: VRC-ZKADNA090-00-VP	NCT02996461	1	Completed	NIAID
	Biological: VRC-ZKADNA085-00-VP	NCT02840487	1	Completed	NIAID
mRNA vaccine	Placebo/biological: mRNA-1325	NCT03014089	1	Completed	ModernaTX, Inc.
	Placebo/biological: mRNA-1893	NCT04064905	1	Completed	ModernaTX, Inc.
	Placebo/biological: mRNA-1893	NCT04917861	2	Active, Not Recruiting	ModernaTX, Inc.
Viral vectored vaccine	Placebo/biological: MV-ZIKA-RSP vaccinations (high or low doses)	NCT04033068	1	Completed	Themis Bioscience GmbH
	Biological: ChAdOx1 Zika	NCT04015648	1	Completed	University of Oxford
	Placebo/biological: MV-ZIKA	NCT02996890	1	Completed	Themis Bioscience GmbH
Live attenuated vaccine	Placebo/biological: rZIKV/D4Δ30-713	NCT03611946	1	Completed	NIAID
Purified inactivated vaccine	Placebo/biological: VLA1601	NCT03425149	1	Completed	Valneva Austria GmbH
	Placebo/biological: Zika virus purified inactivated vaccine	NCT02937233	1	Completed	Kathryn Stephenson
	Biological: VLA1601/CpG 1018®/3M-052-AF	NCT06334393	1	Recruiting	Valneva Austria GmbH
	Placebo/biological: PIZV	NCT03343626	1	Completed	Takeda
	Placebo/biological: Zika virus purified inactivated vaccine	NCT03008122	1	Completed	NIAID
	Placebo/biological: IXIARO; YF Vax 17D strain and Zika virus purified inactivated vaccine	NCT02963909	1	Completed	NIAID
	Drug: Saline/biological: Zika virus purified inactivated vaccine	NCT02952833	1	Completed	NIAID

NIAID: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases.

Table 4 Final case classification of yellow fever

Classification	Criteria
Probable case	A suspected case and at least one of the following
	Presence of YF IgM antibody in the absence of YF immunization within 30 days of illness onset
	Epidemiological link to a confirmed case or an outbreak (e.g., household members or persons in close proximity through work, residence in past month)
Confirmed case	A probable case and at least one of the following
	Negative results of differential neutralization testing with flaviviruses endemic in the area of exposure
	Seroconversion in appropriately paired samples tested by YF neutralization testing
	And absence of YF immunization within 30 days before onset of illness
	Or a suspected case and at least one of the following
	Detection of YFV genome in blood or other organs by real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction
	Detection of YF antigen in liver or other organs by immunohistochemistry
	Isolation of YF virus
	And absence of YF immunization within 14 days before onset of illness
Discarded case	A person who tests negative for YF antibody testing (with specimen collected > 7 days post onset)
	Or negative immunohistochemistry on tissue samples

YF: Yellow fever; YFV: Yellow fever virus.

Table 5 Yellow fever live-attenuated vaccines phase III and IV clinical trials-ClinicalTrials.gov database

Intervention/treatment	ClinicalTrials.gov ID	Status	Phase	Sponsor
Biological: 17D Yellow fever vaccine	NCT05332197	Unknown status	Phase 3	London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
Biological: STAMARIL®/biological: Yellow fever vaccine, bio-manguinhos/biological: yellow fever vaccine, institut pasteur/biological: Yellow fever vaccine, chumakov institute (fractional doses)	NCT02991495	Completed	Phase 4	Epicentre
Biological: Yellow fever vaccine, institut pasteur (fractional doses)	NCT04059471	Completed	Phase 4	University of Oxford
Biological: 17DD yellow fever vaccine	NCT02555072	Completed	Phase 4	The Immunobiological Technology Institute (Bio-Manguinhos)/Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz)
Biological: SII yellow fever vaccine/biological: STAMARIL®	NCT05421611	Recruiting	Phase 3	Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd.
Biological: 17D yellow fever vaccine/other: Deuterad water	NCT01290055	Recruiting	Phase 4	Sri Edupuganti
Biological: SII yellow fever vaccine/biological: STAMARIL®	NCT05447377	Recruiting	Phase 3	Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd.
Biological: 17DD yellow fever vaccine (fractional doses)	NCT03725618	Unknown status	Phase 4	Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Biological: YF-VAX®	NCT00694655	Recruiting	Phase 4	Emory University
Placebo/biological: CYD tetravalent dengue vaccine/biological: STAMARIL®	NCT01436396	Completed	Phase 3	Sanofi Pasteur
Biological: YF-VAX®	NCT05374317	Completed	Phase 4	United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases
Biological: STAMARIL®	NCT01426243	Completed	Phase 3	French National Agency for Research on AIDS and Viral Hepatitis
Biological: Yellow fever vaccine/biological: MMR vaccine	NCT03368495	Completed	Phase 4	Alba Maria Ropero
Dietary supplement: vitamin A/biological: candidate plasmodium falciparum malaria vaccine/biological: MR-Vac/biological: STAMARIL®	NCT02699099	Completed	Phase 3	GlaxoSmithKline
Biological: 17 DD yellow fever vaccine, biomanguinhos	NCT03132311	Recruiting	Phase 4	Oswaldo Cruz Foundation
Biological: Typhoid Vi polysaccharide vaccine/biological: Yellow fever vaccine/biological: Japanese encephalitis vaccine/biological: Rabies Vaccine/biological: MenACWY-CRM vaccine	NCT01466387	Completed	Phase 3	Novartis
Placebo/TAK-003 tetravalent dengue vaccine/YF-17D yellow fever vaccine	NCT03342898	Completed	Phase 3	Takeda
Placebo/biological: BCG vaccine/biological: Yellow fever vaccine/drug: Vancomycin/drug: neomycin	NCT06148025	Recruiting	Phase 4	South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute

Table 6 Chikungunya vaccines currently in clinical trials-clinicalTrials.gov database

Vaccine technology platforms	Intervention/treatment	ClinicalTrials.gov ID	Phase	Status	Sponsor
Virus-like particle vaccine	Biological: VRC-CHKVLP059-00-VP	NCT01489358	1	Completed	NIAID
	Biological: PXVX0317	NCT03992872	2	Completed	Bavarian Nordic
	Biological: CHIKV VLP/adjuvant	NCT05072080	3	Completed	Bavarian Nordic
	Biological: VRC-CHKVLP059-00-VP	NCT02562482	2	Completed	NIAID
Viral vectored vaccine	Biological: MV-CHIK/ Biological: MMR-vaccine	NCT03101111	2	Completed	Themis Bioscience GmbH
	Biological: ChAdOx1 Chik	NCT04440774	1	Completed	University of Oxford
Live attenuated vaccine	Biological: VLA1553	NCT04650399	3	Completed	Butantan Institute
	Biological: VLA1553	NCT03382964	1	Completed	Valneva Austria GmbH
	Biological: V184	NCT03807843	2	Completed	Themis Bioscience GmbH
Inactivated whole virion vaccine	Biological: BBV87	NCT04566484	3	Completed	International Vaccine Institute

NIAID: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases.