Cenci Dietrich V, Costa JMC, Oliveira MMGL, Aguiar CEO, Silva LGO, Luz MS, Lemos FFB, de Melo FF. Pathogenesis and clinical management of arboviral diseases. World J Virol 2025; 14(1): 100489 [DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v14.i1.100489]
Corresponding Author of This Article
Fabrício Freire de Melo, PhD, Assistant Professor, Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 58 Rua Hormindo Barros, Quadra 17, Lote 58, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil. freiremeloufba@gmail.com
Research Domain of This Article
Virology
Article-Type of This Article
Review
Open-Access Policy of This Article
This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
World J Virol. Mar 25, 2025; 14(1): 100489 Published online Mar 25, 2025. doi: 10.5501/wjv.v14.i1.100489
Pathogenesis and clinical management of arboviral diseases
Victoria Cenci Dietrich, Juan Marcos Caram Costa, Marina Maria Gomes Leite Oliveira, Carlos Eduardo Oliveira Aguiar, Luis Guilherme de Oliveira Silva, Marcel Silva Luz, Fabian Fellipe Bueno Lemos, Fabrício Freire de Melo
Victoria Cenci Dietrich, Juan Marcos Caram Costa, Marina Maria Gomes Leite Oliveira, Carlos Eduardo Oliveira Aguiar, Luis Guilherme de Oliveira Silva, Marcel Silva Luz, Fabian Fellipe Bueno Lemos, Fabrício Freire de Melo, Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
Co-corresponding authors: Fabian Fellipe Bueno Lemos and Fabrício Freire de Melo.
Author contributions: Dietrich VC, Costa JMC, Oliveira MMGL, and Aguiar CEO researched the content, developed the article, and created the tables and illustrations; In addition, Dietrich VC, as the first author, also systematized the text, developed the abstract, introduction, conclusion, and handled the guidelines for the preparation and submission of the review; Lemos FFB, Silva LGO, Luz LMS, and de Melo FF reviewed the articles during the writing process, providing suggestions, and directing the research; Lemos FFB and de Melo FF contributed equally to this work as co-corresponding authors; de Melo FF, as the corresponding author, thoroughly reviewed the entire article; and all the cited authors contributed significantly to the production of the article.
Supported by the Permanecer Program (part of the actions of the Office of Affirmative Actions); Education and Diversity of the Dean of Student Assistance at the Federal University of Bahia (UFBA); and CNPq Research Productivity Fellow.
Conflict-of-interest statement: All authors declare no potential conflicts of interest.
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Fabrício Freire de Melo, PhD, Assistant Professor, Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 58 Rua Hormindo Barros, Quadra 17, Lote 58, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil. freiremeloufba@gmail.com
Received: August 18, 2024 Revised: October 1, 2024 Accepted: October 28, 2024 Published online: March 25, 2025 Processing time: 102 Days and 1.1 Hours
Abstract
Arboviral diseases are viral infections transmitted to humans through the bites of arthropods, such as mosquitoes, often causing a variety of pathologies associated with high levels of morbidity and mortality. Over the past decades, these infections have proven to be a significant challenge to health systems worldwide, particularly following the considerable geographic expansion of the dengue virus (DENV) and its most recent outbreak in Latin America as well as the difficult-to-control outbreaks of yellow fever virus (YFV), chikungunya virus (CHIKV), and Zika virus (ZIKV), leaving behind a substantial portion of the population with complications related to these infections. Currently, the world is experiencing a period of intense globalization, which, combined with global warming, directly contributes to wider dissemination of arbovirus vectors across the globe. Consequently, all continents remain on high alert for potential new outbreaks. Thus, this review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the pathogenesis of the four main arboviruses today (DENV, ZIKV, YFV, and CHIKV) discussing their viral characteristics, immune responses, and mechanisms of viral evasion, as well as important clinical aspects for patient management. This includes associated symptoms, laboratory tests, treatments, existing or developing vaccines and the main associated complications, thus integrating a broad historical, scientific and clinical approach.
Core Tip: This review delves into the historical characteristics, pathogenesis, and clinical management of the four major arboviruses that have triggered outbreaks worldwide: Dengue, Zika, yellow fever, and chikungunya fever. It aims to elucidate the viral characteristics, cellular tropism, and immune evasion mechanisms, as well as the primary clinical manifestations and their complications, laboratory diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and vaccines either currently available or under development. Thus, with a focus on the medical and scientific fields, this review enables the reader to acquire comprehensive and generalized knowledge about each of these arboviruses.
