Association between intercellular adhesion molecule-1 to depression and blood-brain barrier penetration in cerebellar vascular disease

Table 1 Clinical characteristics of the patients

Characteristics	All (n = 142)	Control (n = 62)	CSVD (n = 80)	P value
Age (years)	60.39 ± 6.84	58.71 ± 6.10	61.69 ± 7.13	0.008
Male, n (%)	61 (43.0)	28 (45.2)	33 (41.3)	0.641
Hypertension, n (%)	63 (44.4)	23 (37.1)	40 (50.0)	0.125
Diabetes, n (%)	19 (13.4)	5 (8.1)	14 (17.5)	0.101
Smoking, n (%)	40 (28.2)	16 (25.8)	24 (30.0)	0.582
Drinking, n (%)	56 (39.4)	23 (37.1)	33 (41.3)	0.615
ICAM-1 (ng/mL)	258.11 ± 62.78	272.85 ± 63.90	246.69 ± 59.83	0.013
VCAM-1 (ng/mL)	285.77 ± 59.99	286.11 ± 55.08	285.51 ± 63.88	0.953
HAMD	16.01 ± 6.50	11.39 ± 4.03	19.60 ± 5.74	< 0.001
MMSE	26.36 ± 3.14	27.35 ± 2.72	25.59 ± 3.24	0.001
MoCA-B	25.51 ± 2.67	26.37 ± 2.21	24.85 ± 2.81	< 0.001
CRP (mg/L)	2.65 ± 4.03	2.43 ± 3.97	2.81± 4.09	0.578

CSVD: Cerebral small vessel disease; ICAM-1: Intercellular adhesion molecule-1; VCAM-1: Vascular cell adhesion molecule 1; HAMD: Hamilton depression scale; MMSE: Mini-mental state examination; MoCA-B: Montreal cognitive assessment basic; CRP: C-reactive protein.

Table 2 Correlation between depression and cognitive functioning among cerebral small vessel disease patients

Characteristics	Depression (n = 53)	Non depression (n = 27)	P value
Age (years)	62.28 ± 7.83	60.52 ± 5.47	0.298
Male, n (%)	21 (39.6)	12 (44.4)	0.679
Hypertension, n (%)	28 (52.8)	12 (44.4)	0.478
Diabetes, n (%)	10 (18.9)	4 (14.8)	0.652
Smoking, n (%)	15 (28.3)	9 (33.3)	0.642
Drinking, n (%)	22 (41.5)	11 (40.7)	0.947
ICAM-1 (ng/mL)	244.14 ± 60.41	251.69 ± 59.50	0.597
VCAM-1 (ng/mL)	286.35 ± 63.82	283.87 ± 65.19	0.871
HAMD	22.92 ± 3.30	13.07 ± 3.41	< 0.001
MMSE	24.62 ± 2.96	27.52 ± 2.83	< 0.001
MoCA-B	24.26 ± 2.77	26.04 ± 2.47	0.006
CRP (mg/L)	3.09 ± 4.61	2.26 ± 2.82	0.393

ICAM-1: Intercellular adhesion molecule-1; VCAM-1: Vascular cell adhesion molecule 1; HAMD: Hamilton depression scale; MMSE: Mini-mental state examination; MoCA-B: Montreal cognitive assessment basic; CRP: C-reactive protein.

Table 3 Multivariable analysis on cerebral small vessel disease

Characteristics	B	SE	Wald	P value	OR	95%CI
						Lower	Upper
Sex	0.653	0.487	1.793	0.181	1.921	0.739	4.993
Age	-0.072	0.028	6.545	0.011	0.930	0.880	0.983
Hypertension	-0.309	0.384	0.647	0.421	0.734	0.346	1.559
Diabetes	-0.476	0.579	0.678	0.410	0.621	0.200	1.930
Smoking	-0.500	0.558	0.802	0.370	0.606	0.203	1.812
Drinking	-0.002	0.471	0.000	0.996	0.998	0.396	2.510
ICAM-1	0.007	0.003	5.141	0.023	1.007	1.001	1.013

OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval; ICAM-1: Intercellular adhesion molecule-1.

Table 4 Comparison of the mean Ktrans values of the region of interest regions between the cerebral small vessel disease group and the control group

Regions	CSVD group	Control group	Significance	Mean difference	95%CI
					Lower	Upper
ROI1	2.509 ± 1.082	2.166 ± 0.897	0.046	0.343	0.007	0.680
ROI2	2.698 ± 0.987	2.695 ± 1.287	0.988	0.003	-0.374	0.380
ROI3	1.529 ± 0.748	0.901 ± 0.51	< 0.001	0.628	0.419	0.837
ROI4	1.571 ± 0.888	0.949 ± 0.654	< 0.001	0.622	0.366	0.878

CI: Confidence interval; CSVD: Cerebral small vessel disease; ROI: Region of interest.

Table 5 Brain regions where cortical thickness correlates with intercellular adhesion molecule-1

Group	Region	Correlation	Significance
CSVD	Right lingual	0.292	0.009
	Right middle temporal	0.310	0.005
	Right supramarginal	0.329	0.003
	Left entorhinal	0.230	0.040
	Left inferior parietal	0.240	0.032
	Left inferior temporal	0.247	0.027
	Left medial orbitofrontal	0.278	0.013
	Left middle temporal	0.230	0.040
	Left pars opercularis	0.337	0.002
	Left pars orbitalis	0.363	0.001
	Left pars triangularis	0.331	0.003
	Left rostral anterior cingulate	0.256	0.022
	Left rostral middle frontal	0.241	0.031
	Left superior temporal	0.226	0.044
	Left supramarginal	0.331	0.003
	Left insula	0.256	0.022
	Left mean thickness	0.235	0.036
Control	Right middle temporal	0.329	0.009
	Left entorhinal	-0.325	0.010
	Left pars orbitalis	0.254	0.046

CSVD: Cerebral small vessel disease.