Correlation of inflammatory markers with depression and sleep disorders accompanying the prodromal stage of Parkinson’s disease

Figure 1 Schematic diagram of the pathogenic mechanism of Parkinson's disease. Increased oxidative stress due to mitochondrial dysfunction is a key initiator of Parkinson's disease and not only damages cellular structures but also triggers an inflammatory response. Together, oxidative stress and inflammation promote abnormal aggregation of α-synuclein, which further exacerbates nerve cell damage. In addition, excitotoxicity exacerbates mitochondrial damage and cell death by increasing the activity of neurotransmitters such as glutamate, leading to intra-neuronal calcium overload. MTPT: 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, PINK1: PTEN-induced kinase 1.