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World J Hypertens. Oct 31, 2022; 10(1): 1-14
Published online Oct 31, 2022. doi: 10.5494/wjh.v10.i1.1
Cardiac markers: Role in the pathogenesis of arterial hypertension
Saira Rafaqat, Shaheed Afzal, Sana Rafaqat, Huma Khurshid, Simon Rafaqat
Saira Rafaqat, Huma Khurshid, Department of Zoology, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore 5400, Pakistan
Shaheed Afzal, Emergency Department of Cardiology, Punjab Institute of Cardiology, Lahore 5400, Pakistan
Sana Rafaqat, Department of Biotechnology, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore 5400, Pakistan
Simon Rafaqat, Department of Business, Forman Christian College, Lahore 5400, Pakistan
Author contributions: Rafaqat S and Khurshid H carried out the study design and data collection; Rafaqat S and Afzal S wrote the manuscript; Rafaqat S provided editing services for the manuscript; All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Conflict-of-interest statement: All authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Saira Rafaqat, PhD, Lecturer, Department of Zoology, Lahore College for Women University, Jail Road, Lahore 5400, Pakistan. saera.rafaqat@gmail.com
Received: June 23, 2022
Peer-review started: June 23, 2022
First decision: August 22, 2022
Revised: September 3, 2022
Accepted: October 14, 2022
Article in press: October 14, 2022
Published online: October 31, 2022
Processing time: 126 Days and 19.7 Hours
Core Tip

Core Tip: The risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is increasing, and hypertension continues to be a significant global public health concern. Effective blood pressure control lowers the risk of stroke, heart attack, and heart failure. This review article explained the role of major cardiac markers (creatinine kinase-MB, cardiac troponins, lipoprotein a, osteopontin, cardiac extracellular matrix, C-reactive protein, cardiac matrix metalloproteinases, cardiac natriuretic peptides, myoglobin, renin, and dynorphin) in the pathogenesis of hypertension. The early identification of these cardiac markers and a therapeutic approach will help manage these cardiac markers in hypertensive subjects to reduce the prevalence of CVDs.