Cardiac markers: Role in the pathogenesis of arterial hypertension

Abstract

Cardiac biomarkers may play unique roles in the prognostic evaluation of patients with hypertension, as many cardiac biomarker levels become abnormal long before the onset of obvious cardiovascular disease (CVD). There are numerous cardiac markers. However, this review article only reported the roles of creatinine kinase-MB, cardiac troponins, lipoprotein a, osteopontin, cardiac extracellular matrix, C-reactive protein, cardiac matrix metalloproteinases, cardiac natriuretic peptides, myoglobin, renin, and dynorphin in the pathogenesis of hypertension. This article explained recent major advances, as well as discoveries, significant gaps, and current debates and outlined possible directions for future research. Further studies are required to determine the association between myoglobin and other cardiac markers in hypertension. Moreover, therapeutic approaches are required to determine the early control of these cardiac markers, which ultimately reduce the prevalence of CVDs.

Keywords: Cardiac markers; Hypertension; Pathogenesis; Prevalence; Cardiovascular diseases

Core Tip: The risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is increasing, and hypertension continues to be a significant global public health concern. Effective blood pressure control lowers the risk of stroke, heart attack, and heart failure. This review article explained the role of major cardiac markers (creatinine kinase-MB, cardiac troponins, lipoprotein a, osteopontin, cardiac extracellular matrix, C-reactive protein, cardiac matrix metalloproteinases, cardiac natriuretic peptides, myoglobin, renin, and dynorphin) in the pathogenesis of hypertension. The early identification of these cardiac markers and a therapeutic approach will help manage these cardiac markers in hypertensive subjects to reduce the prevalence of CVDs.