Clinical benefits of corticosteroid administration during adult cardiopulmonary resuscitation: A systemic review and meta-analysis

Abstract

BACKGROUND

The clinical benefits of steroid administration during cardiac arrest remain unclear. Several studies reported that patients who received steroids after achieving a return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) had better outcomes, but few studies have investigated the benefits of steroid administration during resuscitation. We hypothesized that administration of steroid during cardiac arrest would be associated with better clinical outcomes in adults with cardiac arrest.

AIM

To investigate the effect of steroid administration during cardiac arrest and the outcomes of resuscitation.

METHODS

We included studies of participants older than 18 years of age who experienced cardiac arrest and included at least one arm that received corticosteroids during cardiac arrest. A literature search of PubMed and Embase on 31 January 2021 retrieved placebo-controlled studies without limitation for type, location, and initial presenting rhythm of cardiac arrest. The study outcomes were reported by odds ratios (ORs) compared with placebo. The primary outcome was survival rate at hospital discharge. Secondary outcomes included a sustained ROSC, survival rate at hospital admission, and neurological outcome at hospital discharge.

RESULTS

Six studies including 146262 participants were selected for analysis. The risk of bias ranged from low to high for randomized-controlled trials (RCTs) and low (for non-RCTs). Steroid administration was associated with increased survival at hospital discharge [OR: 3.51, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.98-6.20, P < 0.001], and steroid administration during cardiac arrest was associated with both an increased rate of sustained ROSC (OR: 1.81, 95%CI: 1.91-4.02, P < 0.001) and a favorable neurological outcome at hospital discharge (OR: 3.02, 95%CI: 1.26-7.24, P = 0.01).

CONCLUSION

Steroid administration during cardiac arrest was associated with better outcomes of resuscitation. Further study of the use of steroid in the selected circumstances are warranted.

Key Words: Steroid; Cardiac arrest; Survival; Systematic review; Meta-analysis

Core Tip: Several studies have demonstrated that patients who receive steroids after achieving a return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) had better outcomes. Few studies have investigated steroid administration during resuscitation, and the results are not clear. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the clinical benefits of steroids during cardiac arrest. The analysis included six studies and found that steroid administration during cardiac arrest was associated with better outcomes of resuscitation, including survival rate at hospital discharge, sustained ROSC, and favorable neurological outcome at hospital discharge.

INTRODUCTION

Cardiac arrest is an important public health problem worldwide. In the United States, cardiac arrest accounts for around 320000 to 360000 deaths each year[1,2]. A study in the United States reported a rate of return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) of up to 72%[3]. Nevertheless, the reported global outcomes of 30% for ROSC, 8% survival at hospital discharge, 11% 1-mo survival, and 7.7% 1-year survival are quite different[4]. Improving the overall survival of cardiac arrest depends on multiple factors, including type of initial presenting rhythm, bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (i.e., CPR), the witnesses present, and interventions during and after resuscitation[5-7].

Previous studies have demonstrated that patients who receive hydrocortisone or methylprednisolone after achieving ROSC had improved survival after cardiac arrest[7-9]. On the other hand, studies of corticosteroid administration during resuscitation are few and unclear[10,11]. A randomized-controlled trial (RCT) by Mentzelopoulos et al[9] found that a combination of vasopressin, steroid, and epinephrine administered during resuscitation and with post-resuscitation shock resulted in improved survival at hospital discharge with a favorable neurological outcome. However, Tsai et al[11] reported that administration of hydrocortisone during cardiac arrest was associated with an improved ROSC rate in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (referred to as OHCA) patients but was not associated with increased survival at hospital discharge. For that reason, we conducted an up-to-date systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the effect of steroid administration during cardiac arrest and on the outcomes of resuscitation, including survival rate at hospital discharge, sustained ROSC, survival at hospital admission, and neurological outcomes at discharge.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Protocol

This systematic review and meta-analysis was prepared following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (i.e., PRISMA) statement guidelines[12]. The protocol was prospectively registered with PROSPERO international prospective register of systematic reviews in health and social care (ID: CRD42021227093).

Search strategy and inclusion criteria

Two authors independently searched two standard databases, PubMed and Embase, from their inception until 31 January 2021, without language restriction. The search words “steroid,” “glucocorticoid,” “methylprednisolone,” “dexamethasone,” “cardiac arrest,” “cardiopulmonary resuscitation,” “heart arrest,” and “cardiopulmonary arrest” were the Medical Subject Headings used, in combination and with various spellings and endings. We also searched relevant reviews and their references to identify additional eligible studies. In addition, we searched for any unpublished trials registered on the “clinicaltrials.gov” Internet site.

The selection criteria were: (1) Inclusion of adults ≥ 18 years of age with cardiac arrest, regardless of initial presenting rhythm and location (i.e., inpatient or out-of-hospital); (2) At least one arm having received a corticosteroid during cardiac arrest; (3) Reporting of one of the following, sustained ROSC defined as not requiring CPR for a consecutive 15 min[9] or 20 min[7] or longer, survival at hospital admission, survival at hospital discharge, and neurological outcome at discharge. We excluded animal studies, studies without a control group (e.g., case reports, case series), and review articles. Two authors independently screened the search results to identify eligible studies. Full-text articles of the retrieved studies were collected and independently assessed by two authors against the prespecified criteria (Figure 1). Any disagreements were discussed with a third-party and concluded by consensus.

Figure 1 PRISMA flow chart of study selection.

Outcomes of interest

The primary outcome was survival to hospital discharge. The secondary outcomes were sustained ROSC, survival to hospital admission, and favorable neurological outcome at discharge, which was defined as a cerebral performance category score of 1-2 or a modified Rankin Score (commonly referred to as mRS) of 0-3.

Data extraction and assessment of the risk of study bias

Two authors individually extracted data from the selected articles using a standard data collection form. The data included basic characteristics (first author, publication year, study design, study location and setting, number and age of participants), initial presenting rhythm, treatment and interventions in the study groups, and the outcomes of interest. In cases of incomplete or missing data, or for clarification, we attempted to contact the corresponding author by email. Two authors independently assessed the risk of study bias using the Good Research for Comparative Effectiveness (referred to as GRACE) checklist for observational studies and the modified version of the Cochrane Collaboration tool for assessing the trial risk of bias for RCTs[13,14]. Discrepancies in the extracted data were resolved by discussion and overall consensus.

Data synthesis and statistical analysis

Data were imported into prepared record forms. In the meta-analysis, pooled odds ratios (ORs) were calculated by the Mantel-Haenszel method as summary measures for analysis of the dichotomous outcomes of interest. Heterogeneity among the included studies was estimated by the I² statistic (the percentage of total variability across studies due to heterogeneity). Values of < 25%, 25%-50%, and > 50% were considered as low, moderate, and high heterogeneity, respectively[15]. Data were pooled with a fixed-effect model, but if there was evidence of high heterogeneity (I² > 50%), a random-effects model was used instead. Publication bias arising from small-study effects was evaluated by visual examination of funnel plots and Egger’s test. Review Manager version 5.3 (Nordic Cochrane Center, Cochrane Collaboration, 2014, Copenhagen, Denmark) was used to perform the quantitative statistical analysis[16]. All tests were two-tailed, and P values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant.

RESULTS

Study selection

The PRISMA flow diagram (Figure 1) shows how the 1760 retrieved studies were screened for inclusion in the review and meta-analysis. After removing duplicate studies, 1702 remained. Of those, 1670 were excluded following screening of the abstract to identify the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Full-text copies of the remaining 32 publications were screened before selecting six studies (Table 1) with a total of 146262 participants for inclusion in the systematic review and meta-analysis.

Table 1 Characteristics of the included studies.

Ref.	Age, yr	Study design, country/territory, enrollment period	Sample size (exposure/control)	Location	Shockable initial rhythm (exposure/control), %	Witnessed arrest (exposure/control), %	Bystander CPR (exposure/control), %	Intervention	Comparator	Outcomes of interest
Bolvardi et al[17], 2016	68.9 ± 16.0	RCT, Iran, 2015	50 (25/25)	OHCA	28 (20/36)	N/A	N/A	1 mg epinephrine plus 125 mg methylpredni-solone during the first cycle of resuscitation	1 mg epinephrine plus saline during the first cycle of resuscitation	Successful resuscitation; Survival to hospital discharge; Neurological outcomes at hospital discharge
Mentzelopoulos et al[9], 2009	67.4	RCT, Greece, Jul 2006 to Mar 2007	100 (48/52)	IHCA	14 (15/13)	81 (79/83)	N/A	1 IU vasopressin plus 1 mg epinephrine for the first 5 CPR cycles and 40 mg methylprednisolone. Shock after resuscitation was treated with stress-dose hydrocortisone (300 mg daily for 7 d with gradual tapering)	Placebo (saline) plus 1 mg epinephrine for the first 5 CPR cycles. Shock after resuscitation was treated with saline placebo	Sustained ROSC; Survival to hospital discharge
Mentzelopoulos et al[7], 2013	63.0	RCT, Greece, Sep 2008 to Oct 2010	268 (130/138)	IHCA	16.8 (16.7/16.9)	92.2 (91.3/93/1)	N/A	1 IU vasopressin plus 1 mg epinephrine for the first 5 CPR cycles and 40 mg methylprednisolone. Shock after resuscitation was treated with stress-dose hydrocortisone (300 mg daily for 7 d with gradual tapering)	Placebo (saline) plus 1 mg epinephrine for the first 5 CPR cycles. Shock after resuscitation was treated with saline placebo	ROSC ≥ 20 min; Survival to hospital discharge; Neurological outcomes at hospital discharge
Paris et al[10], 1984	N/A	RCT, United States, Mar 1982 to Jan 1983	83 (37/46)	OHCA	48.2 (41.3/56.8)	N/A	30.1 (36.9/21.6)	100 mg dexamethasone	The same volume of saline	Survival to hospital admission; Survival to hospital discharge
Tsai et al[11], 2007	72.5 ± 16.2	Prospective non-RCT, Taiwan, Oct 2004 to Jul 2005	97 (36/61)	Non-trauma, OHCA	10.3 (11/10)	75.3 (83/71)	N/A	100 mg hydrocortisone	Saline as placebo	Sustained ROSC; Survival to hospital discharge
Tsai et al[18], 2016	68.2	Retrospective, Taiwan, 2004-2011	145644 (2912/142732)	IHCA (at the ED)	20.6 (33.4/20.3)	N/A	N/A	Any forms of steroid use	No steroid use	Survival to hospital admission; Survival to hospital discharge; 1-yr survival

CPR: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation; ED: Emergency department; IHCA: In-hospital cardiac arrest; N/A: Not applicable; OHCA: Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest; RCT: Randomized-controlled trial; ROSC: Return of spontaneous circulation.

Characteristics of included studies

A total of six articles, published between 1984 and 2016, were included for data extraction and meta-analysis. Four were RCTs[7,9,10,17], one was prospective non-RCT[11], and the other was a retrospective study[18]. The studies were conducted in Asia (n = 3), Europe (n = 2), and North America (n = 1). Three studies included patients with OHCA[10,11,17] and three included patients with in-hospital cardiac arrest[7,9,18]. Two trials evaluated the clinical benefits of co-intervention with corticosteroid, vasopressin, or epinephrine protocols[7,9]. Four trials directly investigated the efficacy of steroids alone, including methylprednisolone[17], dexamethasone[10], hydrocortisone[11], and other steroids[18]. More than three-fourths of the cardiac arrests were witnessed. All studies reported the efficacy of corticosteroids on survival to hospital discharge. Table 1 summarizes the characteristics of the included studies. The risk of bias was high in two of the RCTs and low in two. Randomization and deviation from the intended interventions contributed to high risk of bias. All four RCTs had a low risk of bias for measurement of outcome. Both non-RCTs were determined to be of sufficient quality and having a low risk of bias according to the GRACE checklist. Table 2 summarizes the risk of bias assessment.

Table 2 Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool for randomized trials and the Good Research for Comparative Effectiveness checklist for nonrandomized trials.

Randomized-controlled trials
Ref.	Randomization		Deviation from the intended interventions			Missing outcome data			Measurement of outcome			Selection of the reported result			Overall
Bolvardi et al[17], 2016	Low		High			Some concerns			Low			Some concerns			High
Mentzelopoulos et al[9], 2009	Low		Low			Low			Low			Low			Low
Mentzelopoulos et al[7], 2013	Low		Low			Low			Low			Low			Low
Paris et al[10], 1984	High		Low			Some concerns			Low			Some concerns			High
Non-randomized-controlled trials
Ref.	Adequate treatment	Adequate outcomes		Objective outcomes	Valid outcomes		Similar outcomes	Covariates recorded		New initiators	Concurrent comparators		Covariates accounted for	Immortal time bias		Sensitivity analysis
	D1	D2		D3	D4		D5	D6		M1	M2		M3	M4		M5
Tsai et al[11], 2007	+	+		+	+		+	+		+	+		+	+		+
Tsai et al[18], 2016	+	+		+	+		+	+		+	+		+	+		+

Primary outcome

Overall survival rate at hospital discharge: All six studies reported the association between steroid use and the survival rate at hospital discharge[7,9-11,17,18]. Four of the six were RCTs and two were non-RCTs. The overall effect size demonstrated a significant association between steroid use and survival rate at hospital discharge [OR: 3.51, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.98-6.20, P < 0.001]. Subgroup analyses found that for the RCTs, effect size had a significant association between steroid administration and survival rate at hospital discharge (OR: 3.51, 95%CI: 1.63-7.55, P = 0.001). Conversely, steroids given during cardiac arrest in the non-RCT studies were not associated with increased survival rate at hospital discharge (OR: 2.32, 95%CI: 0.43-12.50, P = 0.33). There was no significant heterogeneity between the subgroups (I² = 0%, P = 0.66; Figure 2).

Figure 2 Forest plot comparing the odds ratios of survival at hospital discharge. RCT: Randomized-controlled trial; CI: Confidence interval.

Secondary outcomes

Rate of sustained ROSC: Four studies examined the association between steroid use and the rate of sustained ROSC[7,9,11,17]. The pooled data was homogeneous (I² = 0%, P < 0.001). Patients who received a steroid during cardiac arrest had a better chance of sustained ROSC (OR: 2.69, 95%CI: 1.81-4.02, P < 0.001) than those who had not received a steroid. Subgroup analyses yielded similar results for RCTs and non-RCTs (Figure 3).

Figure 3 Forest plot comparing the odds ratios of the sustained return of spontaneous circulation. RCT: Randomized-controlled trial; CI: Confidence interval.

Overall survival rate at hospital admission: Two studies reported the association between steroid use and overall survival at hospital admission[10,18]. One was an RCT and the other was a non-RCT. Steroid administration during cardiac arrest did not show a survival benefit at hospital admission based on the pooled data (OR: 1.82, 95%CI: 0.34-9.61, P = 0.48; Figure 4).

Figure 4 Forest plot comparing the odds ratios of survival at hospital admission. RCT: Randomized-controlled trial; CI: Confidence interval.

Favorable neurological outcomes at hospital discharge: Two studies investigated the association between steroid use and the neurological outcome at hospital discharge and both were RCTs[7,17]. The overall effect size indicated that administration of steroid during cardiac arrest was significantly associated with an increased rate of favorable neurological outcomes at hospital discharge (OR: 3.02, 95%CI: 1.26-7.24, P = 0.01; Figure 5).

Figure 5 Forest plot comparing the odds ratios of favorable neurological outcome at hospital discharge. RCT: Randomized-controlled trial; CI: Confidence interval.

Publication bias: As shown in the funnel plot for the meta-analysis of the effect of steroid use and the primary outcome of survival rate at hospital discharge (Figure 6), there was no evidence of significant publication bias.

Figure 6 Funnel plot of steroid administration and survival at hospital discharge. OR: Odds ratio; RCT: Randomized-controlled trial.

DISCUSSION

This meta-analysis compared the evidence on the use of steroids in adult cardiac arrest with placebo or no use of steroids. Review of the evidence found that steroid use was associated with an increased survival rate at hospital discharge, sustained ROSC, and favorable neurological outcomes at discharge. The overall study risk of bias ranged from low in two RCTs and both non-RCTs to high in two RCTs.

The administration of corticosteroids during cardiac arrest has been proposed for decades; however, there is no strong evidence to support the efficacy of steroids to improve the outcomes of resuscitation[7,19]. Recent studies have described cardiac arrest-related adrenal insufficiency, finding that the condition was associated with increased mortality[19,20]. Ito et al[20] reported that cortisol levels were moderately low during and after cardiac arrest and CPR, which suggests impairment of adrenal function. Corticosteroids have anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic activity that can prevent organ toxicity, especially in patients with cardiac arrest[21]. The findings of this review are consistent with previous studies that documented the benefits of steroid administration in patients who survived cardiac arrest[8,22,23]. Patients who received steroids during cardiac arrest had better outcomes than those who did not receive steroids. The corticosteroid effects included short-term survival, represented by the rate of sustained ROSC, and survival at hospital discharge. Cardiac arrest results in a sepsis-like stage, with interruption of blood flow that leads to inadequate oxygen delivery, vasodilation, and cytokine activation[24,25]. Corticosteroid administration has been shown to improve cardiovascular function and to reduce a catecholamine surge, thereby decreasing inflammation and reversing the shock that occurs after cardiac arrest[7,11,19].

Two studies included in this review demonstrated a benefit of the combined administration of vasopressin, methylprednisolone, and epinephrine on improved survival at hospital discharge[7,9]. Cardiac arrest causes an overwhelming release of several stress hormones[7,25,26]. Vasopressin is a non-adrenergic vasopressor that is released from the anterior pituitary gland[27], and stimulation of plasma adrenocorticotropin (commonly known as ACTH) release by vasopressin might preserve hemodynamic function and promote ROSC[28,29].

Limitations

This review has some limitations. First, the use of steroids defined in this review was different among studies, which resulted in inconclusive evidence and findings that might not be generalized to other populations. Second, our review did not mention the harmful effects of steroid administration, which might influence the clinical outcomes. Third, we included both RCTs and non-RCTs in the meta-analysis. Despite analysis of both groups separately, non-RCTs such as retrospective of observational studies carry a high risk of confounding by indication and selection bias and may have led to the heterogeneity observed in this study. Furthermore, considering all of the included studies, Tsai et al[18] had enrolled up to 95% of the participants in this review. However, the results of this study do not conflict from those of other studies. Finally, the included studies were conducted in different places and at different times. Standard guidelines regarding the management of patients with cardiac arrest usually update every 5 years, which will lead to variability in interventions and protocols across included studies.

CONCLUSION

Although the overall risk of bias of included studies ranged from low to high, steroid administration during cardiac arrest was associated with an increased rate of survival at hospital discharge, sustained ROSC, and favorable neurological outcome at hospital discharge. Steroid use may be optional for adults with cardiac arrest; however, further study concerning the use of steroid in the prepared protocol and selected circumstances are warranted.

ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS

Research background

The clinical benefits of steroid administration during adult cardiac arrest remain controversial. According to the latest guidelines for managing adult cardiac arrest, steroid was not routinely recommended giving during resuscitation.

Research motivation

Previous studies have shown that patients who receive steroids after return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) have improved outcomes. In contrast, few studies have investigated the benefits of steroid administration during resuscitation and the results are unclear.

Research objectives

The objectives of this review were to investigate the clinical benefits of steroids during adult cardiac arrest, including the survival rate at hospital discharge, sustained ROSC, the survival rate at hospital admission, and neurological outcome at hospital discharge.

Research methods

We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Research results

Steroid administration was associated with increased survival at hospital discharge. Steroid administration during cardiac arrest was associated with an increased rate of sustained ROSC and a favorable neurological outcome at hospital discharge.

Research conclusions

Although we could not draw firm conclusions, the use of steroids during cardiac arrest was associated with improved outcomes of resuscitation.

Research perspectives

Further study concerning the use of steroid in the prepared protocol and selected circumstances are warranted.