Published online Feb 4, 2016. doi: 10.5492/wjccm.v5.i1.36
Peer-review started: October 2, 2015
First decision: October 27, 2015
Revised: December 1, 2015
Accepted: January 8, 2016
Article in press: January 11, 2016
Published online: February 4, 2016
Processing time: 116 Days and 9.8 Hours
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of death and disability in children. Severe TBI is a leading cause of death and often leads to life changing disabilities in survivors. The modern management of severe TBI in children on intensive care unit focuses on preventing secondary brain injury to improve outcome. Standard neuroprotective measures are based on management of intracranial pressure (ICP) and cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) to optimize the cerebral blood flow and oxygenation, with the intention to avoid and minimise secondary brain injury. In this article, we review the current trends in management of severe TBI in children, detailing the general and specific measures followed to achieve the desired ICP and CPP goals. We discuss the often limited evidence for these therapeutic interventions in children, extrapolation of data from adults, and current recommendation from paediatric guidelines. We also review the recent advances in understanding the intracranial physiology and neuroprotective therapies, the current research focus on advanced and multi-modal neuromonitoring, and potential new therapeutic and prognostic targets.
Core tip: Paediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes significant morbidity and mortality. The modern management of severe TBI in children focuses on preventing secondary brain injury to improve outcome. In this article, we review the current management of severe TBI in children. We also review the recent advances in understanding intracranial physiology and neuroprotective therapies, advanced and multi-modal neuromonitoring, and potential new therapeutic and prognostic targets.