Review
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2023.
World J Hematol. Mar 24, 2023; 10(3): 25-41
Published online Mar 24, 2023. doi: 10.5315/wjh.v10.i3.25
Table 1 Summary of role of hematological parameters in diabetes mellitus
Ref.
Hematological parameter
Main finding of hematological parameters in diabetes
Alamri et al[8], 2019RBC countHyperglycemia had a significant impact on RBC count and physiological function, which could be efficiently restored with adequate glycemic control
Rashed et al[9], 2020RBC countRBC characteristic was an appropriate tool for assessing diabetes patients
Vilahur et al[10], 2018RBC countRBCs in T2DM patients need to be monitored
Wang et al[11], 2021RBC countErythrocyte-related indicators could offer more clinical data and could be used to track the development of diabetes and associated complications
Sonmez et al[14], 2010HemoglobinHemoglobin may restrict the endothelium-mediated vaso-regulation in diabetes
Lee et al[15], 2018HemoglobinHigh hemoglobin levels were strongly associated with a lower risk of developing diabetic retinopathy
Rossing et al [16], 2004HemoglobinDiabetes increases a person's vulnerability to low hemoglobin levels through diabetic nephropathy and diabetic retinopathy
Ranil et al[17], 2010HemoglobinDiabetes increases a person's vulnerability to low hemoglobin levels through diabetic nephropathy and diabetic retinopathy
Yang et al[18], 2017HemoglobinLower hemoglobin levels were linked to higher vibratory sensory thresholds and an increase in the prevalence of diabetic peripheral neuropathy
Kwon et al[19], 2012HemoglobinCorrelation between low hemoglobin concentration and diabetes profiles
Chen et al[20], 2018HemoglobinGlucose effectiveness, first- and second-phase insulin secretion, and insulin resistance were linked to hemoglobin
Tamariz et al[22], 2008HematocritIncreased blood viscosity and hematocrit as new risk factors for insulin resistance and T2DM
Capoglu et al[23], 2002HematocritImpaired glucose tolerance and T2DM may both be independent risk factors for high hematocrit levels
Dillon et al[24], 1965HematocritIndividuals with chronic diseases and anemia need to be understood in the context of declining hematocrit
Feng et al[25], 2020HematocritThe hematocrit index had a strong correlation with insulin resistance and inflammation under impaired fasting blood glucose
Natali et al[26], 2005HematocritDirect adverse influence on nitric oxide availability might also contribute to the association between high hematocrit and cardiovascular disease in addition to blood rheology
Teodorczyk et al[29], 2012HematocritThe blood glucose monitoring system offered precise blood glucose values that were insensitive to hematocrit values between 20% and 60%
Tripathy et al[27], 2022HematocritHbA1c and hematocrit markers during the first trimester of pregnancy were found to be a more sensitive and specific early screening method for gestational diabetes mellitus
Wu et al[28], 2018HematocritHbA1c and hematocrit combined for gestational diabetes mellitus screening might be a valuable method to predict gestational diabetes mellitus
Aberle et al[30], 2020HematocritSGLT2 inhibition with dapagliflozin causes a continued increase in hematocrit concentration
Evan et al[31], 1983MCVElevated MCV and its underlying relationship with clearly elevated plasma osmolarity in patients with diabetic ketoacidosis
Davidson et al[34], 1981MCVNo correlation exists between the MCV level and the type of diabetes, treatment, or management
Muntoni et al[32], 1986MCVThe connection between fasting plasma glucose and MCV
Kwenda et al[33], 2019MCVMCV was a suitable marker for the diagnosis of diabetic nephropathy in patients with T2DM
Xiong et al[35], 2017RDWHigher risk and a less favorable prognosis for diabetic nephropathy were indicated by high levels of RDW in T2DM patients
Renuka et al[40], 2020MCV, MCH, MCHC, RDWHbA1c showed a negative connection with MCV, MCH, and MCHC, and a favorable link with RDW
Alamri et al[8], 2019MCV, MCH, MCHC, RDWHigher blood sugar levels elevated the number of red blood cells, MCV, MCH, and MCHC. Poor glycemic management had a negative correlation with red blood cell distribution width
Kannan et al[41], 2019MCV, MCH, MCHC, RDWRed-cell turnover indices had a major impact on an HbA1c below 7%, and clinicians must conduct additional testing utilizing plasma glucose levels to determine whether a patient had diabetes or pre-diabetes
Jaman et al[39], 2018MCHC, RDWRDW and MCHC can be used as supplemental indications of declining glucose control in patients with T2DM
Arkew et al[44], 2022MCV, MCH, MCHC, RDWA significant inverse relationship between RBC parameters and glycemic control was found in T2DM
Nada et al[45], 2015RDWRDW measurements in diabetic hypertensive individuals following indapamide antihypertensive medication or thiazide and angiotensin receptor blocker therapy were equivalent
Wang et al[36], 2020RDWHigh RDW was linked to a high likelihood of developing diabetes in Chinese individuals
Zhao et al[42], 2022RDWThe ratio of RDW to albumin was a risk factor for diabetic retinopathy patients
Yin et al[37], 2018RDWA lower likelihood of having poor glycemic control was observed in T2DM individuals whose RDW was larger
Bhutto et al[38], 2019RDWRDW, a cheap and easily accessible test that could be employed as a measure of glycemic level, had a strong connection with HbA1c
Atalay et al[43], 2018RDWRDW and RDW/MCV ratio were discovered to help predict diabetic ketoacidosis and to be linked with diabetic ketoacidosis
Akinsegun et al[46], 2014Platelet countMean platelet volume was lower in cases than in controls while the mean platelet count was higher for diabetes therapy-receiving patients compared to non-diabetic controls
Rodriguez et al[47], 2020Platelet countMPV is strongly and consistently associated with diabetes
Sterner et al[48], 1998Platelet countElevated platelet levels were linked to both female gender and early indications of diabetic nephropathy
Jindal et al[49], 2011Platelet countPlatelet indices in diabetic and non-diabetic patients were significantly different
Lee et al[50], 2017Platelet countHigh blood glucose levels cause neutrophils to release S100 calcium-binding protein A8/A9, which then binds to the Kupffer cells' receptor for advanced glycation end products and increases the liver's synthesis of thrombopoietin
Kheradmand et al[51], 2021WBC countSubstantial relationship between diabetes and WBC count
Twig et al[52], 2013WBC countWBC count among young healthy persons was a separate risk factor for diabetes occurrence
Vozarova et al[53], 2002WBC countHigh WBC indicated a deterioration of insulin action and the onset of type 2 diabetes in Pima Indians
Kuo et al[54], 2020WBC countElevated WBC count was substantially linked with all four diabetes factors (glucose effectiveness, insulin resistance, and first- and second-phase insulin secretion) in Chinese young men
Veronelli et al[55], 2004WBC countSignificance of weight loss in lowering WBC counts in patients with morbid obesity, impaired glucose tolerance, or T2DM
Park et al[56], 2021WBC countWBC count might help to identify non-obese people who were likely to develop T2DM
Andreone et al[57], 2018LymphocytesThe function of T-effector lymphocytes in adipose and hepatic tissues throughout diabetes mutually increases pancreatic-cell stress and exacerbates the condition
Giese et al[59], 2021LymphocytesSignificant increases in mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and increased basal glycolytic activity, indicate an altered metabolic immune cell profile in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from diabetic INSC94Y trangenic pigs
Wu et al[58], 2020LymphocytesThe diabetic group with COVID-19 had a lower lymphocyte count
Otton et al[60], 2002LymphocytesThe metabolism of lymphocytes taken from mesenteric lymph nodes of alloxan-induced diabetic rats changed since glucose and glutamine were crucial for lymphocyte function
Huang et al[65], 2016NeutrophilsAntineutrophil therapy can inhibit or slow the progression of autoimmune diabetes and insulitis
Insuela et al[61], 2019NeutrophilsMolecular pathways behind the degradation of neutrophil activities in diabetes and their connection to a high vulnerability to bacterial infections
Dowey et al[64], 2021NeutrophilsNeutrophil targeting as a therapeutic approach reduces inflammation and boosts host immunity in diabetes patients to enhance infection clearance
Yu et al[62], 2020NeutrophilsNeutrophil-mediated inflammation played a role in the development of diabetic kidney disease
Woo et al[63], 2011NeutrophilsNeutrophil-mediated inflammation may be a key player in the etiology of DR
Valtierra et al[66], 2020MonocytesEffects of monocyte and macrophages on glycemic/metabolic control factors, non-obese participants, or T2DM
Min et al[67], 2012MonocytesMonocytes as a marker were affected by diabetes
Mokgalabon et al[68], 2020MonocytesPatients with T2DM had higher levels of monocyte activation
Kitahara et al[69], 1980MonocytesIncreasing blood sugar levels in diabetic patients were linked to the metabolic activation of monocytes
Wan et al[70], 2020MonocytesDecreased peripheral blood monocyte levels in diabetes patients were linked to higher risks of diabetic retinopathy
Giulietti et al[71], 2007MonocytesMonocyte mediated inflammation was able to be controlled by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in T2DM patients
Neuwirth et al[72], 2012EosinophilsEosinophils may be a component of a complex innate immune cells network that is involved in the onset of diabetes
Ngamal et al[73], 2021EosinophilsHigher serum HbA1c levels were associated with a higher risk of developing complications from diabetes
Zhu et al[74], 2013EosinophilsIncreased percentage of peripheral eosinophils was linked to a lower incidence of T2DM
Fukui et al[75], 2009EosinophilsMicroalbuminuria (degree of albumin excretion rate) in men with T2DM may be related to allergic diseases
Babazadeh et al[76], 2021EosinophilsRelationship between eosinophil counts and HbA1c in patients with diabetes and coronary artery disease
Hussain et al[77], 2017NLRNLR can be employed as a disease monitoring technique when diabetes patients were being followed up
Rahar et al[78], 2021NLRNLR is a novel, basic, and relatively inexpensive marker that was useful for assessing systemic inflammation in diabetes and had a correlation with the severity of T2DM
Mertoglu et al[79], 2017NLRPatients with prediabetes and diabetes exhibited a marked increase in the inflammation marker NLR
Wang et al[81], 2020NLRAs indicators of the systemic inflammatory response in patients without a linked family history, NLR and PLR were related to the presence of diabetic retinopathy
Li et al[82], 2020NLRGreater NLR values were a valid biomarker for the development of diabetic retinopathy
Jaaban et al[83], 2021NLRElevated NLR and PLR were substantially related with diabetic nephropathy
Rahar et al[78], 2021NLRNLR was useful for assessing systemic inflammation in diabetes and correlated with the severity of diabetic nephropathy
Sefil et al[80], 2014NLRElevated HbA1c combined with increased NLR observed in T2DM patients suggested that regulation of HbA1c and NLR might be significantly related
He et al[85], 2022NLRThe presence of T2DM with higher NLR was linked to worse clinical outcomes
Umarani et al[87], 2020NLRNLR as an early and predictive marker for microvascular problems in individuals with diabetes mellitus
Wan et al[86], 2020NLRGreater NLR level was linked to a higher prevalence of cardiovascular disease and diabetic kidney disease in diabetic adults
Wang et al[88], 2020NLRIncreased likelihood of clinically significant depression symptoms is independently linked to elevated levels of NLR in diabetics
Liu et al[89], 2020NLRNLR was an easier, quicker, and more effective diagnostic for prognosis prediction in T2DM patients with COVID-19
Du et al[90], 2021PLRPLR may facilitate the early detection of high-risk patients and offer recommendations for additional measures to prevent cognitive deterioration in T2DM patients
Atak et al[91], 2019PLRPLR may help predict the onset and control levels of T2DM
Elsayed et al[92], 2021PLRGreater NLR and PLR were linked to diabetes problems
Zeng et al[93], 2022PLRPLR might be an independent risk factor for assessing DR in people with T2DM
Jaaban et al[83], 2021PLRIncreased NLR and PLR could be used as risk indicators for diabetic nephropathy prediction and prognosis
Zhang et al[94], 2021PLRPLR may serve as a useful marker for the early detection and evaluation of the severity of diabetic foot ulcer
Alfhili et al[95], 2022MLRElevated MLRs were more likely to occur and associated with impaired fasting glycemia and hyperglycemia
Yue et al[96], 2015MLRMLR may be clinically and pathophysiological significant in DR; however, its prediction power was only moderate
Wang et al[97], 2022MLRMLR was significantly related to proliferative diabetic retinopathy in patients with T2DM
Wang et al[88], 2020MLRElevated MLR and NLR may be poor predictors of clinical outcomes in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus
Kocak et al[98], 2020MLRMLR could act as a predictive and efficient marker for diabetic kidney injury in diabetic people
Alsayyad et al[99], 2019MLRIn the early and intermediate phases of diabetic nephropathy, MLR may be used as a candidate for an inflammatory marker
Huang et al[100], 2020MLRMLR is a potent independent predictor of diabetic nephropathy