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©The Author(s) 2022. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
World J Cardiol. Feb 26, 2022; 14(2): 64-82
Published online Feb 26, 2022. doi: 10.4330/wjc.v14.i2.64
Published online Feb 26, 2022. doi: 10.4330/wjc.v14.i2.64
Exercise stress echocardiography: Where are we now?
Carlos Alberto Cotrim, Luis Baquero, Heart Center, Hospital da Cruz Vermelha Portuguesa, Lisboa 1549-008, Portugal
Hugo Café, Hortense Cotrim, Faculdade de Medicina, Algarve University, Faro 8005-139, Portugal
Isabel João, Department of Cardiology, Garcia de Orta Hospital, Almada 2805-267, Portugal
Nuno Cotrim, Department of Medicine, Garcia de Orta Hospital, Almada 2805-267, Portugal
Jorge Guardado, Cardiovascular Unit, UCARDIO, Centro Clinico, Riachos 2350-325, Portugal
Pedro Cordeiro, Department of Cardiology, Hospital Particular do Algarve, Faro 8005-226, Portugal
Author contributions: Cotrim C reviewed the literature and wrote the paper; Café H, João I, Cotrim N, Guardado J, Cordeiro P, and Baquero L reviewed the literature and the paper for important intellectual content; and Cotrim H reviewed the literature related to bioethics and radiation use in cardiovascular disease investigation and treatment and wrote this part of the article.
Conflict-of-interest statement: The authors have no Conflict of interest.
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Carlos Alberto Cotrim, MD, PhD, Professor, Heart Center, Hospital da Cruz Vermelha Portuguesa, Rua Duarte Galvão, 54, Lisboa 1549-008, Portugal. carlosadcotrim@gmail.com
Received: March 20, 2021
Peer-review started: March 20, 2021
First decision: June 17, 2021
Revised: July 4, 2021
Accepted: January 29, 2022
Article in press: January 29, 2022
Published online: February 26, 2022
Processing time: 333 Days and 3.2 Hours
Peer-review started: March 20, 2021
First decision: June 17, 2021
Revised: July 4, 2021
Accepted: January 29, 2022
Article in press: January 29, 2022
Published online: February 26, 2022
Processing time: 333 Days and 3.2 Hours
Core Tip
Core Tip: The fair cost, safety, diagnostic accuracy, ability to evaluate functional capacity, and lack of radiation use associated with exercise stress echocardiography (ESE) render this method a first-line procedure for patients with suspected or confirmed coronary heart disease. The evaluation of Doppler data and the enormous amount of information obtained during and after exercise, including in a standing position if appropriate, in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, athletes, syndrome X patients and patients with valve and congenital heart disease necessitates the use of ESE.