Retrospective Study
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2024.
World J Gastrointest Surg. Feb 27, 2024; 16(2): 491-502
Published online Feb 27, 2024. doi: 10.4240/wjgs.v16.i2.491
Table 1 Baseline characteristics of patients in the training and validation cohorts
Training cohort (n = 157)Validation cohort (n = 67)P value
Age (yr)51.9 ± 11.454.8 ± 9.00.05
Sex, n (%)0.714
    Male123 (78)51 (76)
    Female34 (22)16 (24)
Etiology of cirrhosis, n (%)0.251
    Hepatitis B137 (87)62 (92)
    Hepatitis C20 (13)5 (8)
Indication, n (%)0.935
    Variceal bleeding89 (57)37 (55)
    Ascites34 (21)16 (24)
    Both34 (22)14 (21)
Shunt, n (%)0.118
    Reasonable83 (53)43 (64)
    Unreasonable74 (47)24 (36)
HE before TIPS, n (%)0.015
    Grade 0155 (99)62 (92)
    Grade 1-21 (0.5)1 (2)
    Grade 3-41 (0.5)4 (6)
Ascites, n (%)0.199
    None70 (45)26 (39)
    Mild30 (19)9 (13)
    Severe57 (36)32 (48)
Pre-PPG (mmHg)26.1 ± 6.027.4 ± 7.70.153
Post-PPG (mmHg)13.4 ± 5.814.2 ± 6.20.530
PVP%32.2 ± 13.532.6 ± 12.10.587
Laboratory values
    ALT (U/L)26.2 ± 25.323.7 ± 12.00.686
    AST (U/L)35.4 ± 32.631.8 ± 13.50.596
    ALB (g/L)36.1 ± 4.635.7 ± 4.60.736
    Na (mmol/L)139.5 ± 4.2138.1 ± 4.50.014
    ICGR15 (%)39.7 ± 16.143.0 ± 17.70.150
    INR1.3 ± 0.21.3 ± 0.20.514
    Cr (mol/L)70.3 ± 24.076.6 ± 33.90.362
    Tbil (mol/L)26.3 ± 14.928.3 ± 16.60.440
    WBC (× 109/L)3.3 ± 2.43.5 ± 2.70.942
    PLT (× 109/L)95.4 ± 25.098.9 ± 25.90.231
    HGB (g/L)100.1 ± 89.898.3 ± 82.70.984
Child-Pugh 6.9 ± 1.57.2 ± 1.70.152
Child classification, n (%)0.142
    Child A68 (43)22 (33)
    Child B82 (52)41 (61)
    Child C7 (5)4 (6)
MELD8.0 ± 4.39.0 ± 5.10.295
MELD-Na9.0 ± 5.711.2 ± 6.60.032
FIPS-1.0 ± 0.8-0.8 ± 0.80.111
6-yr survival (%)49.9%39.1%0.233
Table 2 Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression models for prognostic factors after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt placement
Univariable model
Multivariable model
HR
95%CI
P value
HR
95%CI
P value
Etiology0.291.340.60-2.980.48
Indication
    Variceal bleeding
    Ascites1.363.902.01-7.58< 0.0011.454.272.04-8.94< 0.001b
    Both1.012.761.34-5.650.0061.002.721.24-5.970.01b
Shunt1.203.331.87-5.94< 0.0011.836.262.67-14.63< 0.001b
Age-0.020.990.96-1.010.18
Pre-PPG0.101.101.05-1.15< 0.001
Post-PPG0.251.291.21-1.37< 0.0010.271.321.22-1.42< 0.001b
PVP decrease-0.090.920.89-0.94< 0.001-0.040.960.93-1.000.03a
ALT-0.0011.000.99-1.010.81
AST0.00081.000.99-1.010.83
ALB-0.0041.000.94-1.060.88
Na-0.050.950.89-1.020.13
ICGR150.041.041.03-1.06< 0.0010.051.051.03-1.07< 0.001b
1/INR-2.990.050.003-0.770.03
Log10 (Cr)0.461.580.20-12.500.67
Log10 (Tbil)2.9519.164.87-75.41< 0.0012.249.382.16-40.820.002b
Log10 (WBC)-0.430.650.21-1.990.45
Log10 (PLT)-1.170.310.12-0.780.01
Log10 (HGB)1.946.980.52-92.970.14
Table 3 The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves of the newly developed Cox model compared to those of the Child-Pugh, model for end-stage liver disease, model for end-stage liver disease-sodium and the Freiburg index of post-transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt survival models

NDC
Child-Pugh
MELD
MELD-Na
FIPS
Training cohort
    6-yr AUC0.9060.6890.6490.6660.583
    95%CI0.791-1.0000.546-0.8330.493-0.8050.515-0.8170.420-0.747
    P value vs NDC0.002b0.001b0.001b< 0.001b
Validation cohort
    6-yr AUC0.9560.6700.6610.7480.691
    95%CI0.868-1.0000.460-0.8790.400-0.9210.541-0.9550.439-0.943
    P value vs NDC0.007b0.007b0.02a0.02a