Novel prognostic score based on the preoperative total bilirubin-albumin ratio and fibrinogen-albumin ratio in ampullary adenocarcinoma

Abstract

BACKGROUND

The preoperative total bilirubin-albumin ratio (TBAR) and fibrinogen-albumin ratio (FAR) have been proven to be valuable prognostic factors in various cancers.

AIM

To detect the prognostic value of TBAR and FAR in ampullary adenocarcinoma (AC) patients who underwent curative pancreaticoduodenectomy.

METHODS

AC patients who underwent curative pancreaticoduodenectomy in the National Cancer Center of China between 1998 and 2020 were retrospectively reviewed. The prognostic cutoff values of TBAR and FAR were determined through the best survival separation model. Then, a novel prognostic score combining TBAR and FAR was calculated and validated through the logistic regression analysis and Cox regression analysis.

RESULTS

A total of 188 AC patients were enrolled in the current study. The best cutoff values of TBAR and FAR for predicting overall survival were 1.7943 and 0.1329, respectively. AC patients were divided into a TBAR-low group (score = 0) vs a TBAR-high group (score = 1) and a FAR-low group (score = 0) vs a FAR-high group (score = 1). The total score was calculated as a novel prognostic factor. Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that a high score was an independent protective factor for recurrence [score = 1 vs score = 0: Odds ratio (OR) = 0.517, P = 0.046; score = 2 vs score = 0 OR = 0.236, P = 0.038]. In addition, multivariable survival analysis also demonstrated that a high score was an independent protective factor in AC patients (score = 2 vs score = 0: Hazard ratio = 0.230, P = 0.046).

CONCLUSION

A novel prognostic score based on preoperative TBAR and FAR has been demonstrated to have good predictive power in AC patients who underwent curative pancreaticoduodenectomy. However, more studies with larger samples are needed to validate this conclusion.

Key Words: Ampullary adenocarcinoma; Total bilirubin-albumin ratio; Fibrinogen-albumin ratio; Recurrence; Overall survival

Core Tip: Considering that effective prognostic predictors are still lacking for ampullary carcinoma, we conducted a retrospective study to elucidate the prognostic value of total bilirubin-albumin ratio (TBAR) and fibrinogen-albumin ratio (FAR) in ampullary adenocarcinoma (AC) patients who underwent curative pancreaticoduodenectomy. We found that the novel prognostic score based on the preoperative TBAR and FAR was an independent predictor for tumor recurrence and an independent protective factor for overall survival in AC patients who underwent curative pancreaticoduodenectomy.

INTRODUCTION

Ampullary adenocarcinoma (AC) is an uncommon malignant digestive adenocarcinoma and accounts for approximately 0.2% of all digestive malignancies[1]. Radical surgery is the only potential curative treatment for AC patients[2]. It has been reported that the 5-year survival rate of AC patients after surgery is 45%, and postoperative recurrence and metastasis are the main factors affecting the prognosis of AC patients[1,3]. Unfortunately, effective prognostic predictors are still lacking, especially perioperative peripheral blood biomarkers.

Preoperative total bilirubin (TB) is a critical biomarker for the diagnosis of biliary obstruction and is present at the first diagnosis for the majority of AC patients. In addition, preoperative albumin has been widely used for defining immune and nutritional statuses[4]. Recently, several studies have proven that the preoperative fibrinogen-albumin ratio (FAR) is a significant prognostic biomarker in multiple tumor types, including lung cancer[5], hepatocellular carcinoma[6], colorectal cancer[7], gastric cancer[8], bladder cancer[9], and rectal cancer[10]. However, whether the relationship of preoperative TB, fibrinogen, and albumin could be used as prognostic factors is still debated. Therefore, in the current study, we aimed to explore the relationship among the preoperative TB-albumin ratio (TBAR), FAR, and long-term prognosis in AC patients based on a high-volume retrospective cohort in the National Cancer Center of China.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Patients

AC patients who received curative surgery at the National Cancer Center of China between 1998 and 2020 were retrospectively reviewed. The main inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) Patients who were pathologically confirmed as having AC; (2) patients who received pancreaticoduodenectomy; and (3) patients with negative surgical margins. The main exclusion criteria were as follows: (1) Patients who died within one month after surgery; (2) patients who were lost to follow-up; (3) patients whose critical clinical information was missing; and (4) patients for whom preoperative TBAR and FAR were unavailable. As this was a retrospective cohort study, ethical exemption and informed consent exemption were obtained from the Ethics Committee of Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College.

Calculation of preoperative TBAR and FAR

The TBAR was calculated as preoperative TB (μmol/L) divided by preoperative albumin (g/L). The FAR was calculated as preoperative fibrinogen (g/L) divided by preoperative albumin (g/L).

Follow-up

The postoperative follow-up was performed through telephone review, clinic visits, and the death registration system. The last follow-up time was December 2021. None of the patients was lost to follow-up. The median follow-up time was 36 mo.

Statistical analysis

All categorical variables are expressed as frequencies (percentages), and continuous variables are expressed as medians (interquartile ranges). The χ² test or Fisher’s exact test was used for comparison of categorical variable groups, and the Mann-Whitney U test was used for comparison of continuous variable groups. The cutoff values of TBAR and FAR were calculated by the best survival separation model through the “Survival” and “Survminer” packages in R software (version 4.0.3). The corresponding P value and hazard ratio (HR) were calculated one by one with each TBAR and FAR value as the cutoff value by setting a cycle. When the P value was the smallest, the cutoff TBAR and FAR values were the best survival separation cutoff values. The correlations between preoperative carbohydrate antigen 199 (CA199), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), TBAR, and FAR were conducted by Spearman analysis. Univariable and multivariable Cox regression analyses were performed to validate the independent prognostic factors. Variables with P < 0.1 in the univariable survival analysis were included in the multivariable survival analysis. The results in the present study are described as HRs, 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and P values. A P value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. All statistical analyses were performed using R software (version 4.0.3).

RESULTS

Baseline characteristics

In total, 188 AC patients were enrolled in the study, with an overall male:female ratio of 1.47. Overall, nearly a quarter of patients had lymph node metastasis. Since all patients underwent open pancreaticoduodenectomy and the surgical trauma was relatively large, nearly half of the patients received intraoperative blood transfusion. In addition, a total of 54 patients (28.72%) received postoperative adjuvant therapy. The detailed baseline clinicopathologic characteristics of AC patients in the current study are illustrated in Table 1.

Table 1 Comparing the baseline characteristics of different score groups in ampullary adenocarcinoma.

Variables	Total (n = 188)	Score-0 (n = 88)	Score-1 (n = 84)	Score-2 (n = 16)	P value
Gender, n (%)					0.166
Male	112 (59.574)	58 (65.909)	47 (55.952)	7 (43.750)
Female	76 (40.426)	30 (34.091)	37 (44.048)	9 (56.250)
Age, median (IQR)	58 (50, 64)	58 (51, 64)	59 (50, 66)	53 (45, 64)	0.449
Differentiation, n (%)					0.052
Poor	73 (38.830)	34 (38.636)	36 (42.857)	3 (18.750)
Moderate	70 (37.234)	38 (43.182)	27 (32.143)	5 (31.250)
Well	45 (23.936)	16 (18.182)	21 (25.000)	8 (50.000)
Tumor size, n (%)					0.479
≤ 2 cm	94 (50.000)	43 (48.864)	45 (53.571)	6 (37.500)
> 2 cm	94 (50.000)	45 (51.136)	39 (46.429)	10 (62.500)
AST (U/L), median (IQR)	57 (35, 112)	72 (48, 126)	50 (23, 94)	30 (20, 72)	< 0.001
ALT (U/L), median (IQR)	87 (36, 150)	105 (66, 186)	54 (29, 117)	45 (18, 70)	< 0.001
CEA (ng/mL), median (IQR)	2.75 (1.88, 3.81)	3.06 (1.85, 4.48)	2.58 (1.92, 3.78)	2.24 (1.94, 2.97)	0.193
CA199 (U/mL), median (IQR)	55.80 (18.83, 184.30)	60.84 (27.41, 162.30)	55.80 (13.57, 191.40)	35.46 (20.32, 72.94)	0.444
Perioperative transfusion, n (%)					0.226
No	96 (51.064)	45 (51.136)	46 (54.762)	5 (31.250)
Yes	92 (48.936)	43 (48.864)	38 (45.238)	11 (68.750)
T stage, n (%)					0.088
I	36 (19.149)	10 (11.364)	21 (25.000)	5 (31.250)
II	57 (30.319)	28 (31.818)	23 (27.381)	6 (37.500)
III	95 (50.532)	50 (56.818)	40 (47.619)	5 (31.250)
Examined lymph nodes, median (IQR)	11 (7, 18)	12 (8, 18)	11 (6, 19)	9 (4, 10)	0.044
Examined lymph node, n (%)					0.035
< 12	107 (56.915)	47 (53.409)	46 (54.762)	14 (87.500)
≥ 12	81 (43.085)	41 (46.591)	38 (45.238)	2 (12.500)
Lymph node metastasis, n (%)					0.402
No	140 (74.468)	63 (71.591)	63 (75.000)	14 (87.500)
Yes	48 (25.532)	25 (28.409)	21 (25.000)	2 (12.500)
TNM stage, n (%)					None
I	82 (43.617)	32 (36.364)	40 (47.619)	10 (62.500)
II	76 (40.426)	37 (42.045)	33 (39.286)	6 (37.500)
III	30 (15.957)	19 (21.591)	11 (13.095)	0 (0.000)
Vessel invasion, n (%)					None
No	141 (75.000)	57 (64.773)	68 (80.952)	16 (100.000)
Yes	47 (25.000)	31 (35.227)	16 (19.048)	0 (0.000)
Postoperative complications, n (%)					0.353
No	110 (58.511)	49 (55.682)	49 (58.333)	12 (75.000)
Yes	78 (41.489)	39 (44.318)	35 (41.667)	4 (25.000)
Adjuvant treatment, n (%)					0.235
No	134 (71.277)	59 (67.045)	61 (72.619)	14 (87.500)
Yes	54 (28.723)	29 (32.955)	23 (27.381)	2 (12.500)
Fibrinogen (g/L), median (IQR)	3.68 (3.12, 4.22)	3.71 (3.20, 4.02)	3.74 (3.15, 4.42)	3.06 (2.67, 3.96)	0.153
Albumin (g/L), median (IQR)	37.10 (31.40, 41.20)	39.00 (35.40, 41.40)	35.70 (27.60, 41.70)	4.13 (3.82, 4.47)	< 0.001
Total bilirubin (μmol/L), median (IQR)	38.70 (12.82, 173.60)	161.90 (63.10, 228.80)	15.31 (8.96, 24.58)	1.32 (0.75, 1.99)	< 0.001
FAR, median (IQR)	0.106 (0.086, 0.150)	0.095 (0.086, 0.109)	0.134 (0.084, 0.195)	0.687 (0.174, 0.764)	< 0.001
TBAR, median (IQR)	0.538 (0.205, 2.325)	0.266 (0.162, 0.580)	1.807 (0.386, 3.303)	3.694 (2.742, 5.027)	< 0.001

IQR: Interquartile range; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; CEA: Carcinoembryonic antigen; CA199: Carbohydrate antigen 199; TNM: Tumor-node-metastasis; FAR: Fibrinogen-albumin ratio; TBAR: Total bilirubin-albumin ratio.

Cutoff values of TBAR and FAR

The cutoff values of TBAR and FAR were calculated through the best survival separation model. In the current study, the cutoff value of TBAR was 1.7943, while the cutoff value of FAR was 0.1329 (Figure 1). Furthermore, we conducted correlations between preoperative CA199, CEA, ALT, AST, TBAR, and FAR. The results demonstrated that FAR was significantly correlated with preoperative AST, ALT, and CA199, while TBAR was significantly correlated with preoperative AST, ALT, CEA, and CA199 (Figure 2, Supplementary Tables 1 and 2).

Figure 1 Volcano plot showing the cutoff values of total bilirubin-albumin ratio and fibrinogen-albumin ratio through the best survival separation model. A: Total bilirubin-albumin ratio; B: Fibrinogen-albumin ratio.

Figure 2 Spearman correlations between preoperative carbohydrate antigen 199, carcinoembryonic antigen, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, total bilirubin-albumin ratio and fibrinogen-albumin ratio. A: Total bilirubin-albumin ratio; B: Fibrinogen-albumin ratio. AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; CEA: Carcinoembryonic antigen; CA199: Carbohydrate antigen 199.

Total score combining the TBAR and FAR

In the current study, we defined TBAR-low and FAR-low as score 0 and TBAR-high and FAR-high as score 1. Directly after, we calculated the total score and classified all the patients into the score-0 group, score-1 group, and score-2 group. By comparing the baseline clinicopathologic data, we found that there were no significant differences among the three groups in tumor stage, tumor differentiation degree, tumor size, CA199 level, CEA level, or postoperative adjuvant therapy (Table 1).

Survival analysis

The 1-year, 3-year, and 5-year overall survival (OS) rates were 91.3%, 63.6%, and 41.7%, respectively. According to the univariable survival analysis, the TBAR-high group, FAR-high group, and score-high group had better prognoses (Figure 3). In the multivariable logistic regression analysis, score 1 [odds ratio (OR) = 0.517; 95%CI: 0.270-0.988; P = 0.046) and score 2 (OR = 0.236; 95%CI: 0.060-0.922; P = 0.038] were independent protective factors for tumor recurrence (Table 2). However, in the multivariable survival analysis, a high score was not an independent factor for recurrence-free survival (RFS) (P > 0.05) (Supplementary Table 3). Furthermore, we conducted multivariable OS analysis and found that only the score-2 group was an independent protective factor for OS (HR = 0.230; 95%CI: 0.054-0.972; P = 0.046) (Table 3).

Figure 3 Comparing the Kaplan-Meier survival curves of different groups divided by total bilirubin-albumin ratio, fibrinogen-albumin ratio and total score. A: Total bilirubin-albumin ratio; B: Fibrinogen-albumin ratio; C: Total score. TBAR: Total bilirubin-albumin ratio; FAR: Fibrinogen-albumin ratio; OS: Overall survival.

Table 2 Univariate and multivariate logistic analysis of independent factors predicting the tumor recurrence.

Variables	Univariable analysis			Multivariable analysis
	OR	95%CI	P value	OR	95%CI	P value
Gender
Male		Reference
Female	1.176	0.656-2.110	0.586
Age
< 60		Reference
≥ 60	0.747	0.414-1.347	0.332
Differentiation
Poor		Reference
Moderate	1.150	0.596-2.216	0.677
Well	0.599	0.279-1.286	0.189
Tumor size
≤ 2 cm		Reference
> 2 cm	0.879	0.496-1.561	0.661
Perioperative transfusion
No		Reference
Yes	0.619	0.347-1.103	0.104
Operation time
≤ 3 h
> 3 h and ≤ 6 h
> 6 h
T stage
I		Reference			Reference
II	1.197	0.506-2.833	0.683	0.815	0.321-2.064	0.665
III	2.051	0.930-4.521	0.075	0.743	0.132-4.184	0.736
Examined lymph nodes
< 12		Reference
≥ 12	1.359	0.761-2.427	0.300
Lymph node metastasis
No		Reference			Reference
Yes	2.735	1.384-5.406	0.004	1.224	0.425-3.524	0.707
TNM stage
I		Reference			Reference
II	1.560	0.823-2.956	0.173	1.574	0.289-8.574	0.600
III	6.005	2.300-15.676	< 0.001	4.149	0.491-35.043	0.191
Vessel invasion
No		Reference			Reference
Yes	2.601	1.313-5.151	0.006	1.353	0.616-2.970	0.451
Postoperative complications
No		Reference
Yes	0.696	0.387-1.250	0.225
Adjuvant treatment
No		Reference
Yes	1.689	0.893-3.192	0.107
CEA	1.071	0.978-1.172	0.139
CA199	1.000	1.000-1.000	0.824
TBAR	0.988	0.895-1.090	0.807
FAR	0.504	0.182-1.393	0.186
Score
0		Reference			Reference
1	0.469	0.255-0.863	0.015	0.517	0.270-0.988	0.046
2	0.167	0.045-0.630	0.008	0.236	0.060-0.922	0.038

CEA: Carcinoembryonic antigen; CA199: Carbohydrate antigen 199; TNM: Tumor-node-metastasis; FAR: Fibrinogen-albumin ratio; TBAR: Total bilirubin-albumin ratio; OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval.

Table 3 Univariable and multivariable Cox regression analysis of overall survival time in ampullary adenocarcinoma.

Variables	Univariate analysis			Multivariate analysis
	HR	95%CI	P value	HR	95%CI	P value
Gender
Male		Reference
Female	1.080	0.711-1.639	0.719
Age
< 60		Reference
≥ 60	1.198	0.788-1.822	0.398
Differentiation
Poor		Reference			Reference
Moderate	0.873	0.548-1.391	0.568	0.981	0.600-10603	0.938
Well	0.596	0.344-1.034	0.066	0.979	0.501-1.911	0.949
Tumor size
≤ 2 cm		Reference
> 2 cm	1.139	0.756-1.716	0.534
Perioperative transfusion
No		Reference
Yes	0.861	0.570-1.298	0.474
T stage
I		Reference			Reference
II	0.927	0.485-1.769	0.817	0.792	0.375-1.672	0.541
III	2.128	1.211-3.741	0.009	1.731	0.474-6.322	0.407
Examined lymph nodes
< 12		Reference
≥ 12	1.344	0.881-2.051	0.171
Lymph node metastasis
No		Reference			Reference
Yes	2.203	1.407-3.447	0.001	1.704	0.851-3.412	0.132
TNM stage
I		Reference			Reference
II	1.965	1.230-3.137	0.005	0.886	0.272-2.888	0.841
III	3.030	1.711-5.368	< 0.001	0.918	0.208-4.057	0.910
Vessel invasion
No		Reference
Yes	1.410	0.885-2.248	0.148
Postoperative complications
No		Reference
Yes	1.343	0.886-2.035	0.164
Adjuvant treatment
No		Reference
Yes	0.946	0.590-1.514	0.816
CEA	1.001	0.999-1.004	0.359
CA199	1.000	1.000-1.000	0.585
TBAR	0.966	0.880-1.061	0.470
FAR	0.748	0.359-1.558	0.438
Score
0		Reference			Reference
1	0.787	0.518-1.196	0.262	0.890	0.577-1.373	0.599
2	0.176	0.043-0.726	0.016	0.230	0.054-0.972	0.046

CEA: Carcinoembryonic antigen; CA199: Carbohydrate antigen 199; TNM: Tumor-node-metastasis; FAR: Fibrinogen-albumin ratio; TBAR: Total bilirubin-albumin ratio; HR: Hazard ratio; CI: Confidence interval.

DISCUSSION

Most previous studies separately analyzed the prognostic value of preoperative TB, fibrinogen, and albumin for solid tumors, and the results from different cohorts are still controversial. After inclusion of these predictors, we found that TBAR combined with the FAR was an independent predictor for tumor recurrence and an independent protective factor for OS in AC patients. These peripheral blood biomarkers could be used as prognostic factors and are novel, reliable, economic, and easily accessible biomarkers for advanced AC.

The hemostatic system can regulate angiogenesis in various ways. Fibrinogen is an extracellular matrix protein composed of three polypeptide chains with fibrinogen alpha, beta, and gamma. Recent studies have shown that the FAR is associated with prognosis in several solid malignancies, including pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms[11] and gastrointestinal stromal tumors[12]. FAR is considered a feasible and predictive biomarker for prognosis in patients. In addition, Zhang and Xiao[13] revealed that the FAR was significantly associated with deeper tumor invasion and increased regional lymph node involvement. However, Zhao et al[14] showed that fibrinogen-derived fibrinostatin has antiangiogenic activity by inhibiting endothelial cell proliferation, adhesion, migration and tubule formation. By inducing apoptosis and inhibiting epithelial-mesenchymal transition, alpha may suppress lung adenocarcinoma cell growth and metastasis[15]. Nevertheless, the specific mechanism of the relationship between the FAR and prognosis still needs to be investigated further.

Bilirubin is one of the routine biochemical testing items, which originates primarily from circulating hemoglobin and is the most important product of hemoglobin decomposition. It has antioxidant properties and can protect cells against oxidative stress as an endogenous antioxidant[16]. Sun et al[17] found that decreases in serum bilirubin levels are associated with poorer prognoses in some types of cancer through antioxidant activity. Another study also revealed that high serum bilirubin was related to low cancer mortality[18]. However, Feng et al[19] demonstrated that baseline bilirubin and serum proteins were not associated with the prognosis of advanced pancreatic cancer. Instead, a Japanese study indicated that a low albumin-bilirubin (ALBI) grade is related to better OS and RFS in esophageal cancer patients[20]. AC will directly affect the biliary tract, and the presence of jaundice can predict malignant ampullary strictures[21]; thus, their disease may be diagnosed at an earlier stage.

Albumin is a secretory protein produced only by functional hepatocytes, and it reflects the chronic nutritional state, which is commonly used for nutritional status assessment. The nutritional state of cancer patients was associated with unfavorable outcomes in malignant tumor patients. Our score is a composite indicator containing representative results of biochemical analysis, which can reflect the nutritional and inflammatory status, liver function and tumor effect. FAR in conjunction with TBAR has the potential to assist clinicians in the stratification of patients. Nevertheless, further investigation is still needed for the application of the novel score in clinical practice.

The traditional Child-Pugh grade used to assess liver function faces several inherent limitations. Therefore, Johnson et al[22] developed a simple model based on albumin and bilirubin levels alone, the ALBI grade, which can stratify patients into three risk categories and objectively prognosticate survival. A meta-analysis demonstrated that high pretreatment ALBI is closely associated with poor prognosis in hepatocellular cancer[23]. The ALBI grade also showed improved discriminatory ability in pancreatic cancer[24] and colorectal cancer[25]. Our new score adds the blood coagulation index and broadens the use of AC. In addition, the score is easily calculated compared with the ALBI grade and increases versatility and usefulness.

High scores were independent factors for RFS in the univariable survival analysis but not in the multivariable analysis. Although there were some differences in RFS, these were not statistically significant. Furthermore, we conducted multivariable OS analysis and found that only the score-2 group was an independent protective factor for OS. Such conflicting results might be related to several factors. First, patients with higher scores might be more likely to detect recurrence earlier and receive more aggressive treatment as a result. Consequently, this might not significantly affect RFS but could emerge as an independent prognostic factor for OS. Second, the number of patients in the score-high groups was relatively small, and it might be challenging to detect statistically significant differences in RFS. Third, the inclusion of other prognostic factors in the model might have resulted in multicollinearity or confounding effects, which could attenuate the initial observed relationship between the score-high groups and RFS. These results emphasize the need for further research, potentially involving larger patient cohorts to comprehensively understand the underlying mechanisms and relationships between the scoring system and different survival outcomes.

During tumor growth, tumor markers are produced and released into the blood circulation, which can be used for the diagnosis and monitoring of tumors. However, sensitive tumor markers are still lacking for predicting survival and treatment outcomes in AC[26]. In recent years, liquid biopsies have been increasingly emphasized. Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) derived from tumors is being used in analyzing prognosis and tumor burden in some solid tumors. Patel et al[27] found that higher levels of total ctDNA were an independent prognostic factor for worse survival for patients with advanced pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. However, this new technique can be limited by the small amounts of circulating biomarkers, and not everyone has detectable ctDNA levels[28]. To date, liquid biopsy is a complement to tissue biopsy, and more research studies are needed for the improvement of clinical applications. They are not considered to be perfect predictors for the above reasons. Therefore, our new scoring system contained three common indicators and showed great predictive power in AC patients who underwent curative pancreaticoduodenectomy. The novel score is expected to become a new biomarker for identifying poor prognosis in patients with AC.

There were limitations to this study. First, this was a single-center retrospective study with a relatively small sample, and multicentric prospective studies with large samples are needed in the future. Second, we did not perform a cohort verification of the results, and external validation is needed. Third, we did not investigate whether the postoperative peripheral blood biomarkers could be used as prognostic factors and analyzed the dynamic changes in the three indicators. Future research can evaluate the impact of these changes in great depth.

CONCLUSION

The novel prognostic score based on the preoperative TBAR and FAR was an independent predictor for tumor recurrence and an independent protective factor for OS in AC patients who underwent curative pancreaticoduodenectomy. However, more studies with larger samples are needed to validate this conclusion.

ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS

Research background

Whether the relationship of preoperative total bilirubin, fibrinogen, and albumin could be used as prognostic factors is still debated.

Research motivation

The present study attempted to explore the prognostic value of total bilirubin-albumin ratio (TBAR) and fibrinogen-albumin ratio (FAR) in ampullary adenocarcinoma (AC) patients who underwent curative pancreaticoduodenectomy.

Research objectives

This study aimed to investigate whether there was an association between the novel prognostic score and poor oncologic outcomes in ampullary carcinoma.

Research methods

The clinicopathological data of ampullary carcinoma patients who underwent surgery from January 1998 to January 2020 were analyzed. Then, a novel prognostic score combining TBAR and FAR was calculated and validated through logistic regression analysis and Cox regression analysis.

Research results

Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that a high score was an independent protective factor for recurrence. In addition, multivariable survival analysis also demonstrated that a high score was an independent protective factor in AC patients.

Research conclusions

We found that the novel prognostic score based on the preoperative TBAR and FAR has good predictive power in AC patients who underwent curative pancreaticoduodenectomy.

Research perspectives

There are several limitations in this retrospective study, and more studies with larger samples are needed to validate this conclusion.