Clinical characteristics and treatment compounds of obesity-related kidney injury

Table 1 Detail information of natural and synthetic compounds for treatment of obesity-related kidney and diabetes-related kidney injury

Substance	Animal model	The therapeutic effects	Pathway	Ref.
Ibrolipim	In diabetic minipigs fed by HSFD	Reduces hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, hypertriglyceridemia, microalbuminuria, renal fat accumulation, and improves pathological injury	↑LPL activity	[25]
O-1918	Male Sprague–Dawley rats were fed HFD	Alleviated renal structural and functional damage, reduce albuminuria and reduced renal tubular hypertrophy	O-1918 is a putative antagonist for GPR55	[129]
Pa19	HFD mice	Inhibiting in flammation and inflammatory cell infiltration and indicate inhibits obesity-induced kidney tissue injury and fibrosis	-	[132]
AdipoRon	Male C57BLKS/J db/db mice	Reduce lipotoxicity and to improve insulin resistance	Activation of the AMPK-PPARγ	[22]
H2S	HFD-induced obese mice	Reduce kidney lipids, improve kidney function, and reduce the interstitial injury and fibrosis	Downregulating NF-κB expression	[142]
EPA	HFD-fed mice	Reduced phospholipid accumulation in the lysosome, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation, and fibrosis. Alleviated lipotoxicity	Alleviating autophagic numbness	[85]
IKK inhibitor	Male ob/ob mice and homologous C57BL/6	Reduce lipid deposition and oxidative stress injury	Downregulating NF-κB	[149]
Quercetin and crocin	HFD- and streptozotoc induced type 2 diabetes	Prove renal lipid accumulation, renal fibrosis	Decreased autophagy-related protein p-AMPK levels	[153]
Juglanin	HFD-challenged mice	Attenuated collagen accumulation, lipid deposition in renal tissues	Blocking the NF-κB/HDAC3 nuclear translocation	[17]
Allium tuberosum	HFD/streptozotoc treated diabetic rats	Decreased blood glucose, bad blood lipids, serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen and urinary albumin, upregulated renal antioxidant enzymes status, decreased lipid peroxidation product, reduced the levels of renal pro-inflammatory cytokines and renal fibrosis	Decreasing oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory mediators	[156]
Tribulus terrestris L	Male Wistar rats	Decreased body weight, blood pressure, serum cystatin C and cholesterol were. enhanced the resistance, decreased energy consumption and the hemorrhagic tendency, and improved the response to acute phase reactants and immunity	-	[158]
Chalcones	HFD-fed mice	Decreasing the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and cell adhesion molecules and improving kidney histology and pathology	Inhibition of the MAPK/NF-κB dependent inflammatory cytokine production	[44]
Genistein	Ovariectomy rats	Ameliorated oxidative stress, and lipid accumulation, maintain normal kidney function	Interaction with AdipoR	[162]
Thymol	HFD induced diabetic C57BL/6Jmice	Lowered lipid peroxidation products, improved glucose homeostasis, decreased kidney weight, biochemical parameters reduced the lipid profile and also preserved renal architecture and decreased renal fibrosis	-	[27]

HSFD: High-sugar and high-fat diet; HFD: High-fat diet; H2S: Hydrogen sulfide; NF-κB: The nuclear factor-kappa B; AMPK: Adenosine 5-monophosphate activated protein kinase; LPL: Lipoprotein lipase; EPA: Eicosapentaenoic acid; IKK: IκB kinase; AdipoR: Adiponectin and its receptors; GPR55: G protein-coupled receptor 55.