Associations of serum D-dimer and glycosylated hemoglobin levels with third-trimester fetal growth restriction in gestational diabetes mellitus

Table 1 Comparison of general data of 164 cases of gestational diabetes mellitus in the third trimester of pregnancy

	FGR (n = 63)	Normal (n = 101)	t value	P value
Age (yr)	30.78 ± 4.65	30.03 ± 4.58	1.012	0.313
Ethnicity
Ethnic Han	58	90	0.385	0.535
Ethnic minorities	5	11
Weight (kg)	60.17 ± 3.05	60.31 ± 3.37	0.259	0.796
Parity	1.3 ± 0.5	1.4 ± 0.5	1.246	0.215
Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2)	22.83 ± 1.12	23.02 ± 1.09	1.074	0.284
Prior weight gain (kg)	6.72 ± 1.43	6.58 ± 1.35	0.631	0.528
Education			0.543	0.762
Junior middle school	12	23
Senior middle school	24	40
College and above	27	38
Gestational week of delivery	37.75 ± 1.37	37.76 ± 1.62	0.067	0.947
Serum FBG (mmol/L)	5.72 ± 1.18	5.33 ± 1.16	2.094	0.038
FINS (pmol/L)	86.63 ± 28.31	76.37 ± 29.93	2.181	0.031
HOMA-IR	3.32 ± 1.34	4.16 ± 2.28	2.651	0.008

BMI: Body mass index; FBG: Fasting blood glucose; FINS: Fasting insulin; HOMA-IR: Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance.

Table 2 Comparison of neonatal weight, length, head circumference and chest circumference between the two groups

	Weight (g)	Body length (cm)	Chest circumference (cm)	Head circumference (cm)
FGR (n = 63)	2401 ± 246	50.29 ± 1.49	34.36 ± 1.8	34.00 ± 1.06
Normal (n = 101)	2909 ± 499	50.62 ± 1.20	34.72 ± 1.24	34.20 ± 1.09
t value	7.516	1.583	1.834	1.168
P value	< 0.0001	0.116	0.069	0.245

FGR: Fetal growth restriction.

Table 3 Comparison of maternal D-dimer and glycosylated hemoglobin levels

	D-D (mg/L)		HbA1c (%)
	28-30 wk of gestation	1-3 d before delivery	28-30 wk of gestation	1-3 d before delivery
FGR (n = 63)	4.89 ± 1.73	5.22 ± 1.37	6.50 ± 1.30	6.61 ± 1.22
Normal (n = 101)	2.66 ± 1.20	2.95 ± 1.11	5.09 ± 0.70	5.07 ± 0.78
t value	9.736	11.610	8.999	9.862
P value	< 0.0001	< 0.0001	< 0.0001	< 0.0001

FGR: Fetal growth restriction; D-D: D-dimer; HbA1c: Glycosylated hemoglobin.

Table 4 Value of D-dimer and glycosylated hemoglobin in diagnosing fetal growth restriction

	AUC	95%CI	Sensitivity (%)	Specificity (%)
D-D	0.826	0.748-0.898	81.0	88.1
HbA1c	0.848	0.773-0.922	79.4	87.1
Combined detection	0.928	0.884-0.972	84.1	91.1

AUC: Areas under the curve; D-D: D-dimer; HbA1c: Glycosylated hemoglobin.

Table 5 Logistic regression analysis of fetal growth restriction in 164 patients with gestational diabetes mellitus in the third trimester of pregnancy

	β	SE	Wald	P value	OR	95%CI
D-D	0.916	0.161	32.417	0.000	2.499	1.823-3.424
HbA1c	1.450	0.294	24.301	0.000	4.264	2.396-7.590
FBG	0.381	0.430	0.783	0.376	1.463	0.630-3.399
FINS	0.008	0.026	0.088	0.767	1.008	0.957-1.061
HOMA-IR	0.042	0.103	0.162	0.687	1.043	0.851-1.277

D-D: D-dimer; HbA1c: Glycosylated hemoglobin; FBG: Fasting blood glucose; FINS: Fasting insulin; HOMA-IR: Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance.