Comparative study of type 2 diabetes mellitus-associated gut microbiota between the Dai and Han populations

doi:10.4239/wjd.v14.i12.1766

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World Journal of Diabetes

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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World J Diabetes. Dec 15, 2023; 14(12): 1766-1783
Published online Dec 15, 2023. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v14.i12.1766

Table 1 Subject demographics and biochemical blood indices

Parameter	Han population			Dai population
Parameter	Healthy adults, n = 8	T2DM patients, n = 12	Healthy children, n = 15	Healthy adults, n = 10	T2DM patients, n = 12	Healthy children, n = 10
Sex as male/female	3/5	8/4	7/8	5/5	9/3	4/6
Age in yr	50.63 ± 5.85	55.27 ± 11.76	5.00 ± 2.10¹	45.70 ± 14.66²	55.92 ± 9.07	5.50 ± 1.18³
FBG in mmol/L	4.85 ± 0.38	9.98 ± 5.89¹	3.23 ± 0.99	5.62 ± 1.36	7.74 ± 2.39³	4.52 ± 0.29
HbA1c as %	5.55 ± 0.24	8.55 ± 2.59¹	5.23 ± 0.15	5.58 ± 0.19	7.24 ± 0.77³^,⁴	5.19 ± 0.35
TG in mmol/L	1.90 ± 0.63	2.22 ± 1.54	0.97 ± 0.24¹	3.90 ± 4.10²	2.48 ± 1.91	1.12 ± 0.45³
TC in mmol/L	5.15 ± 0.61	3.76 ± 1.45¹	4.01 ± 0.88	5.51 ± 1.04	4.85 ± 1.26⁴	3.91 ± 0.57³
HDL-C in mmol/L	1.28 ± 0.28	0.97 ± 0.22¹	1.48 ± 0.34	1.23 ± 0.28	1.26 ± 0.40	1.39 ± 0.42
LDL-C in mmol/L	3.12 ± 0.64	1.82 ± 0.71¹	2.16 ± 0.63¹	2.98 ± 1.23	2.75 ± 1.05⁴	2.16 ± 0.38
APO-A1 in g/L	1.75 ± 0.27	1.30 ± 0.30¹	1.75 ± 0.36	1.83 ± 0.23	1.74 ± 0.37⁴	1.61 ± 0.36
APO-B in g/L	1.04 ± 0.15	0.68 ± 0.18¹	0.72 ± 0.19¹	0.98 ± 0.24	0.94 ± 0.29	0.66 ± 0.09³
WBC as 10⁹/L	6.06 ± 1.44	6.41 ± 1.87	6.95 ± 1.11	6.79 ± 1.43	7.07 ± 2.09	8.32 ± 2.38
RBC as 10¹²/L	5.19 ± 0.66	4.82 ± 0.57	4.89 ± 0.27	5.09 ± 0.65	5.05 ± 0.57	4.90 ± 0.42
TBil in μmol/L	6.84 ± 1.59	14.19 ± 9.35¹	6.07 ± 4.48	8.71 ± 5.08²	6.19 ± 1.98⁴	5.74 ± 2.38
DBil in μmol/L	3.84 ± 0.79	6.31 ± 2.92¹	2.92 ± 2.34	3.96 ± 2.05	3.35 ± 1.02⁴	3.13 ± 1.40
IBil in μmol/L	3.00 ± 0.85	7.88 ± 6.51¹	3.15 ± 2.28	4.75 ± 3.05²	2.84 ± 1.34⁴	2.61 ± 1.41³
ALT in U/L	22.50 ± 11.33	31.36 ± 26.34	15.80 ± 14.85	25.50 ± 15.68	26.10 ± 17.22	13.70 ± 14.96
AST in U/L	21.13 ± 4.58	27.36 ± 25.61	31.50 ± 7.18¹	23.26 ± 8.71	23.14 ± 8.64	27.40 ± 6.45
GGT in U/L	34.75 ± 24.40	51.82 ± 90.65	9.67 ± 2.94¹	70.40 ± 66.34²	38.67 ± 22.80⁴	13.50 ± 8.15³
BUN in mmol/L	5.63 ± 1.40	4.59 ± 1.70	3.68 ± 0.82¹	5.12 ± 1.51	5.23 ± 2.18	3.75 ± 0.91
Cr in μmol/L	70.38 ± 8.75	69.55 ± 20.92	32.17 ± 7.60¹	68.20 ± 17.69	85.50 ± 30.21	32.00 ± 4.00³
Hcy in μmol/L	15.63 ± 3.45	12.35 ± 1.55¹	14.20 ± 3.12	13.59 ± 3.57	16.69 ± 3.47⁴	11.55 ± 1.53⁵
hs-CRP in mg/L	1.85 ± 3.35	3.46 ± 5.23	2.84 ± 6.66⁵	1.84 ± 1.57	1.83 ± 1.47⁴	0.47 ± 0.50³

¹P < 0.05 vs healthy adults in the Han population.

²P < 0.05, healthy adults in the Han population vs healthy adults in the Dai population.

³P < 0.05 vs healthy adults in the Dai population.

⁴P < 0.05, adult type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in the Han population vs adult type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in the Dai population.

⁵P < 0.05, healthy children in the Han population vs healthy children in the Dai population.

ALT: Alanine transaminase; APO: Apolipoprotein; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; BUN: Blood urea nitrogen; Cr: Creatinine; DBil: Direct bilirubin; FBG: Fasting blood glucose; GGT: Gamma glutamyl transferase; HbA1c: Hemoglobin A1c; Hcy: Homocysteine; HDL-C: High density lipoprotein cholesterol; hs-CRP: Hypersensitive C-reactive protein; IBil: Indirect bilirubin; LDL-C: Low density lipoprotein cholesterol; RBC: Red blood cell; T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus; TBil: Total bilirubin; TC: Total cholesterol; TG: Triglyceride; WBC: White blood cell.

Table 2 Significantly increased bacteria in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in the Han population

Taxa	Abundance, T2DM patients vs healthy adults	LDA score	P value
Bacteria. Bacteroidetes	5.353	4.939	0.037
Bacteria. Bacteroidetes. Bacteroidia. Bacteroidales	5.353	4.939	0.037
Bacteria. Firmicutes. Clostridia. Clostridiales. Veillonellaceae. Megamonas	4.347	3.760	0.045
Bacteria. Bacteroidetes. Bacteroidia	5.353	4.939	0.037

LDA: Linear discriminant analysis; T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Table 3 Significantly increased gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in the Dai population

Taxa	Abundance, T2DM patients vs healthy adults	LDA score	P value
Bacteria. Proteobacteria. Gammaproteobacteria. Pseudomonadales. Moraxellaceae. Acinetobacter	2.047	2.754	0.004
Bacteria. Proteobacteria. Gammaproteobacteria. Enterobacteriales. Enterobacteriaceae. Shigella	4.711	4.288	0.021
Bacteria. Proteobacteria. Deltaproteobacteria	3.199	2.764	0.044

LDA: Linear discriminant analysis; T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Table 4 Differential gut microbiota observed in the Han population vs Dai population

Differential gut microbiota	Healthy children	Healthy adults	T2DM patients
Han population
d__Bacteria.p__Firmicutes.c__Clostridia.o__Clostridiales.f__Lachnospiraceae.g__Coprococcus.s__unidentified_Coprococcus	0.542^a	0.259^a	0.461
d__Bacteria.p__Firmicutes.c__Bacilli.o__Lactobacillales.f__Streptococcaceae.g__Streptococcus.s__unclassified_Streptococcus	0.000^a	0.800^a	1.000
d__Bacteria.p__Firmicutes.c__Clostridia.o__Clostridiales.f__Lachnospiraceae.g__Coprococcus	0.521^a	0.286^a	0.475
d__Bacteria.p__Firmicutes.c__Bacilli.o__Lactobacillales.f__Streptococcaceae.g__Lactococcus	0.009^a	0.019^a	0.083
Dai population
d__Bacteria.p__Proteobacteria.c__Alphaproteobacteria.o__Rhizobiales	4.840^a	1.159^a	1.636
d__Bacteria.p__Firmicutes.c__Clostridia.o__Clostridiales.f__Veillonellaceae.g__unclassified_Veillonellaceae	8.800^a	12.000^a	1.688

^aP < 0.05 Han population vs Dai population.

T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Citation: Tang LT, Feng L, Cao HY, Shi R, Luo BB, Zhang YB, Liu YM, Zhang J, Li SY. Comparative study of type 2 diabetes mellitus-associated gut microbiota between the Dai and Han populations. World J Diabetes 2023; 14(12): 1766-1783
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9358/full/v14/i12/1766.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v14.i12.1766