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©The Author(s) 2015. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
World J Diabetes. May 15, 2015; 6(4): 598-612
Published online May 15, 2015. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v6.i4.598
Published online May 15, 2015. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v6.i4.598
Type 2 diabetes mellitus: From a metabolic disorder to an inflammatory condition
Iqra Hameed, Mudasar Nabi, Khalid Ghazanfar, Department of Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India
Shariq R Masoodi, Shahnaz A Mir, Department of Endocrinology, Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of medical Sciences, Srinagar 190006, India
Shariq R Masoodi, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
Bashir A Ganai, Centre for Research and Development, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar 190006, India
Author contributions: Hameed I drafted the manuscript; Masoodi SR and Ganai BA conceived and designed the manuscript; Mir SA, Nabi M and Ghazanfar K acquired data, formatted figures/table and revised the manuscript.
Supported by Department of Science and Technology, Government of India to Iqra Hameed, No. Wos-A LS 509/2012.
Conflict-of-interest: All the authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Correspondence to: Dr. Bashir A Ganai, Professor, Director, Centre for Research and Development, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal Rd, Hazratbal, Srinagar 190006, India. bbcganai@gmail.com
Telephone: +91-979-7247851 Fax: +91-194-2415357
Received: August 29, 2014
Peer-review started: August 30, 2014
First decision: September 30, 2014
Revised: October 14, 2014
Accepted: December 29, 2014
Article in press: December 31, 2014
Published online: May 15, 2015
Processing time: 259 Days and 17.1 Hours
Peer-review started: August 30, 2014
First decision: September 30, 2014
Revised: October 14, 2014
Accepted: December 29, 2014
Article in press: December 31, 2014
Published online: May 15, 2015
Processing time: 259 Days and 17.1 Hours
Core Tip
Core tip: Immuno-metabolism, the confluence of metabolism and immune system has emerged as a chief breakthrough especially in the field of diabetes mellitus; a metabolic disorder of great magnitude. Activation of immune system by metabolic stress has opened new insights in the pathogenesis and progression of type 2 diabetes (T2D). The link between metabolic overload and activation of the immune system form the core tip of this review. Metabolic stress can cause pathologic activation of the immune system, thus metabolic disorders like T2D manifest and progress as an inflammatory disorder with severe consequences thereof.