Development and validation of a nomogram for predicting postoperative venous thromboembolism risk in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma

Table 1 Patient demographic and clinicopathological characteristics, n (%)

Variables	Overall (n = 905)	VTE (n = 108)	Training cohort (n = 634)	Validation cohort (n = 271)	P value
Age1	56.04 ± 11.40	56.86 ± 10.49	56.28 ± 11.46	55.47 ± 11.28	0.326
KPS1	84.67 ± 9.48	74.17 ± 15.11	84.64 ± 9.58	4.76 ± 9.26	0.858
Sex					0.845
Male	716 (79.12)	84 (11.73)	500 (78.86)	216 (79.70)
Female	189 (20.88)	24 (12.70)	134 (21.14)	55 (20.30)
BMI					0.602
18.5-23.9	532 (58.78)	55 (10.34)	369 (58.20)	163 (60.15)
≥ 24	319 (35.25)	43 (13.48)	224 (35.33)	95 (35.06)
< 18.5	54 (5.97)	10 (18.52)	41 (6.47)	13 (4.80)
Pathological					0.925
HCC	758 (83.76)	89 (11.74)	532 (83.91)	226 (83.39)
ICC/cHCC-CC	147 (16.24)	19 (12.93)	102 (16.09)	45 (16.61)
Base disease					0.876
No	653 (72.15)	54 (11.74)	456 (71.92)	197 (72.69)
Yes	252 (27.85)	54 (21.43)	178 (28.08)	74 (27.31)
TNM					0.137
I-II	325 (35.91)	17 (5.23)	238 (37.54)	87 (32.10)
III-IV	580 (64.09)	91 (15.69)	396 (62.46)	184 (67.90)
Chemotherapy					0.502
No	514 (56.80)	37 (7.20)	355 (55.99)	159 (58.67)
Yes	391 (43.20)	71 (18.16)	279 (44.01)	112 (41.33)
Immunotherapy					0.497
No	819 (90.50)	90 (10.99)	577 (91.01)	242 (89.30)
Yes	86 (9.50)	18 (20.93)	57 (8.99)	29 (10.70)
Targeted therapy					0.866
No	653 (72.15)	67 (10.26)	459 (72.40)	194 (71.59)
Yes	252 (27.85)	41 (16.27)	175 (27.60)	77 (28.41)
APTT, seconds1	28.71 ± 4.00	28.42 ± 3.51	28.70 ± 4.02	28.74 ± 3.95	0.896
PT, seconds1	12.10 ± 1.34	12.14 ± 1.39	12.11 ± 1.36	12.08 ± 1.28	0.793
D-dimer, mg/L2	0.52 [0.24, 1.46]	1.32 [0.54, 2.48]	0.53 [0.24, 1.47]	0.50 [0.23, 1.40]	0.882
WBC, 109/L1	5.85 ± 2.38	6.35 ± 3.18	5.76 ± 2.37	6.06 ± 2.39	0.078
PLT, 109/L1	159.20 ± 71.09	163.36 ± 60.18	160.07 ± 70.28	157.16 ± 73.02	0.574
β2-microglobulin, mg/L1	2.71 ± 1.27	3.14 ± 1.49	2.74 ± 1.30	2.65 ± 1.19	0.370
LDH, U/L2	211.0 [173.0, 272.0]	220.5 [177.8, 306.5]	210.2 [173.1, 263.8]	214.6 [171.8, 291.0]	0.235
Hb, g/L1	133.23 ± 22.36	123.01 ± 26.86	132.38 ± 22.66	135.21 ± 21.55	0.080
LYM, 109/L1	1.29 ± 0.53	1.20 ± 0.48	1.29 ± 0.54	1.31 ± 0.51	0.585
FIB, g/L1	3.10 ± 1.17	3.02 ± 1.03	3.06 ± 1.16	3.22 ± 1.20	0.059
FDP, μg/mL2	2.50 [2.30, 5.00]	2.60 [2.50, 5.60]	2.50 [2.30, 5.00]	2.50 [2.25, 4.60]	0.780

¹Expressed as mean ± SD.

²Expressed as median [P25, P75].

KPS: Karnofsky performance status; BMI: Body mass index; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; ICC/cHCC-CC: Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma/combined hepatocellular cholangiocarcinoma; TNM: Tumor-node-metastasis; APTT: Activated partial thromboplastin time; PT: Prothrombin time; WBC: White blood cell count; PLT: Platelets; LDH: Lactic dehydrogenase; Hb: Hemoglobin; LYM: Lymphocyte count; FIB: Fibrinogen; FDP: Fibrinogen degradation products; VTE: Venous thromboembolism.