Characteristics of gut microbiota dysbiosis in patients with colorectal polyps

Table 1 Relationship between gut microbiota and colorectal polyps

Disease/microbiota	Bifidobacterium	Lactobacillus	Klebsiella	Sutterella	Cronobacter	Ref.
Colorectal cancer	Decrease	Decrease	Increase	Increase	Increase	[23,24]
Inflammatory bowel disease	Decrease	Decrease	Increase	Increase	Increase	[25]
Autism spectrum disorder	Decrease	Decrease	Increase	Increase	Increase	[26]
Metabolic syndrome	Decrease	Decrease	Increase	Increase	Increase	[27]

Table 2 Changes in microbiota in patients with different types of colorectal polyps and healthy individuals

Microbiota/disease state	Healthy individuals	Non-adenomatous polyp patients	Adenomatous polyp patients	Previous adenoma patients (currently no adenoma)	Ref.
Bifidobacterium	High	Decreased	Decreased	Decreased	[36]
Lactobacillus	High	Decreased	Decreased	Decreased	[37]
Klebsiella	Low	Increased	Increased	Increased	[38]
Sutterella	Low	Increased	Increased	Increased	[39]
Cronobacter	Low	Increased	Increased	Increased	[40]

Table 3 Metabolite changes in patients with different types of colorectal polyps and healthy individuals

Metabolites/disease state	Healthy individuals	Non-adenomatous polyp patients	Adenomatous polyp patients	Previous adenoma patients (currently no adenoma)	Ref.
SCFAs
Butyrate	High	Significantly decreased	Significantly decreased	Restored to near normal levels, but lower than healthy individuals	[53]
Propionate	High	decreased	Decreased	Partially restored, but still lower than healthy individuals	[53]
Vitamin synthesis metabolites
Vitamin B complex	High	No significant change	No significant change	No significant change	[54]
Bile acids
Deoxycholic acid	Normal levels	Increased	Significantly Increased	Partially restored, but still higher than healthy individuals	[55]
Amine metabolites
Cadaverine, histamine	Normal levels	No significant change	Increased	Decreased, but still higher than healthy individuals	[56]

SCFAs: Short-chain fatty acids.