Combined use of dexmedetomidine and nalbuphine in laparoscopic radical gastrectomy for gastric cancer

Table 1 Comparison of baseline data between the two groups of subjects

Group	n	Age (yr)	BMI (kg/m2)	Sex, n (%)		ASA grade, n (%)		Smoking	Operation time (min)	Blood loss (mL)	Hypertension, n (%)	Diabetes, n (%)	TNM stage, n (%)
				Male	Female	Grade I	Grade II
A group	80	65.30 ± 7.30	22.88 ± 2.06	43 (53.75)	37 (46.25)	30 (37.50)	50 (62.50)	29 (36.25)	164.80 ± 22.00	87.90 ± 12.40	22 (27.50)	16 (20.00)	18 (22.50)	27 (33.75)	35 (43.75)
B group	80	63.80 ± 8.00	22.59 ± 1.88	35 (43.75)	45 (56.25)	37 (46.25)	43 (53.75)	21 (26.25)	160.50 ± 24.10	91.00 ± 14.20	26 (32.50)	23 (28.75)	24 (30.00)	30 (37.50)	26 (32.50)
t/χ2		1.239	0.930	1.601		1.258		1.862	1.179	-1.471	0.476	1.661	2.343
P value		0.217	0.354	0.206		0.262		0.172	0.240	0.143	0.490	0.197	0.310

BMI: Body mass index; ASA: American Society of Anesthesiologists; TNM: Tumour, node, metastasis.

Table 2 Comparison of fluctuation of hemodynamic indexes between combined group and B group, mean ± SD

Index	Group	At the end of surgery	Before extubation	Immediately after extubation	5 min after extubation	10 min after extubation
MAP (mmHg)	A group (n = 80)	93.91 ± 4.40	98.25 ± 5.14	101.41 ± 4.47	98.65 ± 4.40	98.91 ± 5.74
	B group (n = 80)	88.50 ± 5.51	94.59 ± 5.66	105.58 ± 6.28	102.41 ± 5.75	99.50 ± 6.38
	t value	6.862	4.282	-4.839	-4.645	-0.615
	P value	0	0	0	0	0.540
HR (times/min)	A group (n = 80)	66.91 ± 5.88	68.50 ± 6.60	78.94 ± 7.40	75.19 ± 6.94	76.33 ± 7.00
	B group (n = 80)	68.13 ± 6.60	70.13 ± 7.17	84.10 ± 5.91	79.58 ± 7.47	75.00 ± 6.81
	t value	-1.234	-1.496	-4.873	-3.851	1.218
	P value	0.219	0.137	0	0	0.225

MAP: Mean arterial pressure; HR: Heart rate.

Table 3 Comparison of the quality of recovery period between the combined group and the B group, mean ± SD

Group	n	Recovery time (min)	Extubation time (min)	Agitation score (score)
A group	80	20.81 ± 1.77	22.07 ± 2.48	3.87 ± 0.68
B group	80	22.08 ± 2.51	24.18 ± 2.53	4.42 ± 0.81
t value		-3.698	-5.327	-4.651
P value		0	0	0

Table 4 Comparison of serum inflammatory factors levels between the combined group and the B group, mean ± SD

Group	n	IL-6 (pg/mL)		TNF-α (pg/mL)		IL-10 (ng/mL)
		Before operation	1 h after operation	Before operation	1 h after operation	Before operation	1 h after operation
A group	80	44.81 ± 6.50	113.92 ± 13.74	32.04 ± 5.94	84.39 ± 11.73	29.83 ± 4.47	75.40 ± 9.37
B group	80	42.94 ± 7.17	128.59 ± 15.50	33.78 ± 7.20	89.46 ± 13.18	31.11 ± 6.00	83.49 ± 12.30
t value		1.728	-6.335	-1.667	-2.570	-1.530	-4.680
P value		0.086	0	0.097	0.011	0.128	0

IL: Interleukin; TNF-α: Tumour necrosis factor alpha.

Table 5 Comparison of the degree of cough during extubation between the combined group and the B group, n (%)

Group	n	Grade 1	Grade 2	Grade 3	Grade 4	Grade 5
A group	80	22 (27.50)	51 (63.75)	7 (8.75)	0 (0)	0 (0)
B group	80	11 (13.75)	41 (51.25)	27 (33.75)	1 (1.25)	0 (0)
Z value		-3.889
P value		0

Table 6 Comparison of the incidence and duration of postoperative delirium in the combined group and the B group

Group	n	Incidence of POD (%)	Duration of POD (h)
A group	80	11 (13.75)	38.9 ± 7.1
B group	80	21 (26.25)	46.4 ± 8.3
t/χ2		3.906	-6.142
P value		0.048	0

POD: Postoperative delirium.

Table 7 Comparison of the incidence of adverse reactions between the combined group and the B group

Group	n	Nausea	Vomiting	Pruritus	Hypotension	Bradycardia	Adverse reactions (%)
A group	80	9	2	1	1	0	13 (16.25)
B group	80	16	4	2	2	2	26 (32.50)
χ2							5.730
P value							0.017