Risk of cardiovascular death in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma based on the Fine-Gray model

Table 1 Demographic as well as clinicopathological characteristics of hepatocellular carcinoma patients

Characteristics	Labels	Participants, n (%)	Alive, n (%)	CVD deaths, n (%)
Age	< 60	7667 (35.59)	2142 (39.64)	143 (23.10)
	≥ 60	13878 (64.41)	3262 (60.36)	476 (76.90)
Sex	Male	16508 (76.62)	3955 (73.19)	487 (78.68)
	Female	5037 (23.38)	1449 (26.81)	132 (21.32)
Race	White	14789 (68.64)	3558 (65.84)	441 (71.24)
	Black	2949 (13.69)	611 (11.31)	96 (15.51)
	Other	3807 (17.67)	1235 (22.85)	82 (13.25)
Marital status	Married	11408 (52. 95)	3315 (61.34)	292 (47.17)
	Unmarried	4778 (22.18)	1023 (18.93)	147 (23.75)
	DSW	5359 (24.87)	1066 (19.73)	180 (29.08)
Year of diagnosis	2010-2011	6234 (28.93)	1158 (21.43)	197 (31.83)
	2012-2013	7189 (33.37)	1583 (29.29)	203 (32.79)
	2014-2015	8122 (37.70)	2663 (49.28)	219 (35.38)
AFP	Normal	6324 (29.35)	2239 (41.43)	239 (38.61)
	Elevated	15221 (70.65)	3165 (58.57)	380 (61.39)
Grade	GradeⅠ	9423 (43.74)	3384 (62.62)	340 (54.93)
	GradeⅡ	5199 (24.13)	1532 (28.35)	139 (22.46)
	GradeⅢ	4153 (19.28)	362 (6.70)	101 (16.32)
	GradeⅣ	2770 (12.85)	126 (2.33)	39 (6.29)
Tumor size	≤ 2 cm	3227 (14.98)	1420 (26.28)	88 (14.22)
	2-5 cm	10029 (46.55)	3038 (56.22)	290 (46.85)
	> 5 cm	8289 (38.47)	946 (17.50)	241 (38.93)
T stage	T1	10049 (46.64)	3429 (63.45)	353 (57.03)
	T2	5668 (26.31)	1561 (28.89)	144 (23.26)
	T3	5191 (24.09)	373 (6.90)	106 (17.12)
	T4	637 (2.96)	41 (0.76)	16 (2.59)
N stage	N0	20139 (93.47)	5330 (98.63)	599 (96.77)
	N1	1406 (6.53)	74 (1.37)	20 (3.23)
M stage	M0	19595 (90.95)	5339 (98.80)	593 (95.80)
	M1	1950 (9.05)	65 (1.20)	26 (4.20)
Surgery	No	15113 (70.15)	2177 (40.28)	460 (74.31)
	Yes	6432 (29.85)	3227 (59.72)	159 (25.69)
Radiotherapy	None/Unknown	19400 (90.04)	5031 (93.10)	567 (91.60)
	Yes	2145 (9.96)	373 (6.90)	52 (8.40)
Chemotherapy	None/Unknown	10566 (49.04)	2837 (52.50)	338 (54.60)
	Yes	10979 (50.96)	2567 (47.50)	281 (45.40)

CVD: Cardiovascular disease; DSW: Divorced, separated, and widowed; AFP: Alpha fetoprotein.

Table 2 Comparison of basic characteristics between patients in training and validation sets

Characteristics	Labels	Training set (N1 = 15081)	Validation set (N2 = 6464)	P value
Age				0.835
	< 60	5360 (35.54)	2307 (35.69)
	≥ 60	9721 (64.46)	4157 (64.31)
Sex				0.994
	Male	11555 (76.62)	4953 (76.62)
	Female	3526 (23.38)	1511 (23.38)
Race				0.598
	White	10340 (68.56)	4449 (68.83)
	Black	2087 (13.84)	862 (13.34)
	Other	2654 (17.60)	1153 (17.83)
Marital status				0.552
	Married	7953 (52.74)	3455 (53.45)
	Unmarried	3348 (22.20)	1430 (22.12)
	DSW	3780 (25.06)	1579 (24.43)
Year of diagnosis				0.381
	2010-2011	4395 (29.14)	1839 (28.45)
	2012-2013	4991 (33.09)	2198 (34.00)
	2014-2015	5695 (37.77)	2427 (37.55)
AFP				0.231
	Normal	4390 (29.11)	1934 (29.92)
	Elevated	10691 (70.89)	4530 (70.08)
Grade				0.160
	GradeⅠ	6574 (43.59)	2849 (44.07)
	GradeⅡ	3692 (24.48)	1507 (23.31)
	GradeⅢ	2864 (18.99)	1289 (19.94)
	GradeⅣ	1951 (12.94)	819 (12.68)
Tumor size				0.201
	≤ 2 cm	2301 (15.26)	926 (14.33)
	2-5 cm	6986 (46.32)	3043 (47.08)
	> 5 cm	5794 (38.42)	2495 (38.59)
T stage				0.193
	T1	7025 (46.58)	3024 (46.78)
	T2	4018 (26.64)	1650 (25.53)
	T3	3585 (23.77)	1606 (24.85)
	T4	453 (3.01)	184 (2.84)
N stage				0.554
	N0	14087 (93.41)	6052 (93.63)
	N1	994 (6.59)	412 (6.37)
M stage				0.680
	M0	13724 (91.00)	5871 (90.83)
	M1	1357 (9.00)	593 (9.17)
Surgery				0.877
	No	10574 (70.11)	4539 (70.22)
	Yes	4507 (29.89)	1925 (29.78)
Radiotherapy				0.675
	None/unknown	13588 (90.10)	5812 (89.91)
	Yes	1493 (9.90)	652 (10.09)
Chemotherapy				0.180
	None/unknown	7441 (49.34)	3125 (48.34)
	Yes	7640 (50.66)	3339 (51.66)

DSW: Divorced, separated, and widowed; AFP: Alpha fetoprotein.

Table 3 Univariate analysis of cardiovascular disease in hepatocellular carcinoma patients in training test

Characteristics	Labels	HR (95%CI)	P value
Age	< 60	Ref.
	≥ 60	2.054 (1.637-2.576)	< 0.001
Sex	Male	Ref.
	Female	0.872 (0.694-1.095)	0.237
Race	White	Ref.
	Black	1.089 (0.830-1.428)	0.539
	Other	0.653 (0.493-0.864)	0.003
Marital status	Married	Ref.
	Unmarried	1.322 (1.042-1.678)	0.022
	DSW	1.377 (1.099-1.726)	0.006
Year of diagnosis	2010-2011	Ref.
	2012-2013	0.970 (0.764-1.231)	0.802
	2014-2015	1.076 (0.846-1.370)	0.549
AFP	Normal	Ref.
	Elevated	0.786 (0.647-0.954)	0.015
Grade	GradeⅠ	Ref.
	GradeⅡ	0.775 (0.611-0.982)	0.035
	GradeⅢ	1.263 (0.961-1.659)	0.094
	GradeⅣ	0.860 (0.563-1.314)	0.486
Tumor size	≤ 2 cm	Ref.
	2-5 cm	1.361 (1.018-1.821)	0.038
	> 5 cm	2.254 (1.667-3.048)	< 0.001
T stage	T1	Ref.
	T2	0.761 (0.602-0.960)	0.022
	T3	1.110 (0.844-1.460)	0.454
	T4	1.806 (1.033-3.159)	0.038
N stage	N0	Ref.
	N1	0.732 (0.400-1.339)	0.311
M stage	M0	Ref.
	M1	1.039 (0.650-1.662)	0.872
Surgery	No	Ref.
	Yes	0.447 (0.359-0.557)	< 0.001
Radiotherapy	None/unknown	Ref.
	Yes	1.203 (0.877-1.650)	0.253
Chemotherapy	None/unknown	Ref.
	Yes	0.770 (0.637-0.931)	0.007

HR: Hazard ratio; CI: Confidence interval; CVD: Cardiovascular disease; DSW: Divorced, separated, and widowed; AFP: Alpha fetoprotein.