Risk of pancreatic cancer in individuals with celiac disease in the United States: A population-based matched cohort study

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study cohort, n (%)

Variables	Before the propensity score match			After the propensity score match
	Celiac disease (n = 155877)	Non-CD controls (n = 234103)	SMD	Celiac disease (n = 134680)	Non-CD controls (n = 134680)	SMD
Age in years, mean ± SD	38.8 ± 22.0	47.2 ± 19.0	0.4069	42.5 ± 21.0	43.7 ± 20.3	0.0577
Age by categories
< 18 yr	34169 (21.9)	18120 (7.7)	0.4072	18105 (13.4)	16935 (12.5)	0.0258
18 to < 40 yr	47471 (30.4)	63011 (26.9)	0.0783	42960 (31.8)	42268 (31.3)	0.0110
40 to < 60 yr	41430 (26.5)	85840 (36.6)	0.2183	41031 (30.4)	41526 (30.8)	0.0080
≥ 60 yr	32807 (21.0)	67132 (28.6)	0.1772	32584 (24.1)	33951 (25.2)	0.0235
Sex, female	109848 (70.4)	170658 (72.8)	0.0539	98469 (73.1)	98950 (73.4)	0.0081
Ethnicity
Hispanic or Latino	7520 (4.8)	20344 (8.6)	0.1545	7175 (5.3)	6132 (4.5)	0.0357
Race
White	128024 (82.1)	159285 (68.0)	0.3302	108441 (80.5)	108517 (80.5)	0.0014
Black or African Americans	6276 (4.0)	37239 (15.9)	0.4047	6259 (4.6)	6008 (4.4)	0.0089
Others	19302 (12.3)	31595 (13.4)	0.0332	17799 (13.2)	18092 (13.4)	0.0064
Nicotine dependence	9998 (6.4)	25637 (10.9)	0.1617	9609 (7.1)	8495 (6.3)	0.0330
Alcohol-related disorders	3065 (1.9)	8176 (3.4)	0.0938	2977 (2.2)	2849 (2.1)	0.0065
BMI (kg/m2), mean ± SD	25.7 ± 7.5	28.7 ± 7.3	0.0574	26.6 ± 7.34	27.9 ± 7.4	0.0221
Comorbidities
Type 2 diabetes	14086 (9.0)	30411 (12.9)	0.1265	12304 (9.1)	11461 (8.5)	0.0221
Hyperlipidemia	15800 (10.1)	45916 (19.6)	0.2687	15660 (11.6)	15919 (11.8)	0.0060
Hypercholesterolemia	7290 (4.6)	17282 (7.3)	0.1138	7084 (5.2)	6971 (5.1)	0.0038
Hypercalcemia	1086 (0.6)	3149 (1.3)	0.0645	1030 (0.7)	1300 (0.9)	0.0217
Other autoimmune diseases
Type 1 diabetes	6750 (4.3)	6561 (2.8)	0.0824	3825 (2.8)	3626 (2.6)	0.0090
Rheumatoid arthritis	2669 (1.7)	16810 (7.1)	0.2677	2533 (1.8)	8052 (5.9)	0.21211
Autoimmune thyroiditis	2994 (1.9)	3868 (1.6)	0.0203	2479 (1.8)	2582 (1.9)	0.0056
Crohn’s disease	2938 (1.8)	2513 (1.0)	0.0672	2165 (1.6)	2081 (1.5)	0.0050
Ulcerative colitis	2107 (1.3)	2133 (0.9)	0.0417	1605 (1.1)	1544 (1.1)	0.0042
Gallbladder diseases
Cholecystitis	1407 (0.9)	2402 (1.0)	0.0126	1335 (0.9)	1089 (0.8)	0.0193
Cholelithiasis	3311 (2.1)	8088 (3.4)	0.0809	3184 (2.3)	3225 (2.3)	0.0020
Other diseases of gallbladder	1635 (1.0)	3164 (1.3)	0.0278	1554 (1.1)	1483 (1.1)	0.0050
Other diseases of biliary tract	1574 (1.0)	3008 (1.2)	0.0258	1453 (1.1)	1465 (1.1)	0.0009
Pancreatic diseases
Acute pancreatitis	1560 (1.0)	2637 (1.1)	0.0122	1372 (1.0)	1334 (0.9)	0.0028
chronic pancreatitis	823 (0.5)	1661 (0.7)	0.0232	763 (0.5)	745 (0.5)	0.0018
Alcohol-induced acute pancreatitis	56 (0.03)	106 (0.04)	0.0046	52 (0.03)	46 (0.03)	0.0023
Alcohol-induced chronic pancreatitis	42 (0.02)	109 (0.04)	0.0102	42 (0.03)	31 (0.02)	0.0050
Idiopathic acute pancreatitis	101 (0.06)	167 (0.07)	0.0025	90 (0.06)	82 (0.06)	0.0024
Other diseases of pancreas	572 (0.3)	903 (0.3)	0.0031	519 (0.3)	494 (0.3)	0.0030
Cyst of pancreas	478 (0.3)	966 (0.4)	0.0177	465 (0.3)	427 (0.3)	0.0049
Disease of pancreas, unspecified	383 (0.2)	778 (0.3)	0.0161	363 (0.2)	345 (0.2)	0.0026
Pseudocyst of pancreas	296 (0.2)	703 (0.3)	0.0223	290 (0.2)	253 (0.1)	0.0061
Family history
Familial hypercholesterolemia	106 (0.06)	280 (0.1)	0.0169	102 (0.07)	113 (0.08)	0.0029
Family history of primary malignant neoplasm	10498 (6.7)	15773 (6.7)	0.0001	9265 (6.8)	9417 (6.9)	0.0044
Procedures
ERCP	424 (0.272)	867 (0.37)	0.0174	398 (0.296)	378 (0.281)	0.0028
Cholecystectomy	1158 (0.74)	2217 (0.94)	0.0223	1078 (0.80)	1116 (0.82)	0.0031
Genomics
KRAS	21 (0.013)	16 (0.007)	0.0066	14 (0.01)	12 (0.009)	0.0015
TP53	16 (0.01)	15 (0.006)	0.0042	14 (0.01)	12 (0.009)	0.0015

¹P > 0.1.

SD: Standard deviation; BMI: Body mass index; CD: Celiac disease; ERCP: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography; KRAS: Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog; TP: Tumor protein.