Published online Jul 15, 2022. doi: 10.4251/wjgo.v14.i7.1324
Peer-review started: November 22, 2021
First decision: December 27, 2021
Revised: January 10, 2022
Accepted: June 18, 2022
Article in press: June 18, 2022
Published online: July 15, 2022
Processing time: 232 Days and 10.4 Hours
Colorectal cancer (CRC) resection is currently being undertaken in an increasing number of obese patients. Existing studies have yet to reach a consensus as to whether obesity affects post-operative outcomes following CRC surgery.
To evaluate the post-operative outcomes of obese patients following CRC resection, as well as to determine the post-operative outcomes of obese patients in the subgroup undergoing laparoscopic surgery.
Six-hundred and fifteen CRC patients who underwent surgery at the Prince Charles Hospital between January 2010 and December 2020 were categorized into two groups based on body mass index (BMI): Obese [BMI ≥ 30, n = 182 (29.6%)] and non-obese [BMI < 30, n = 433 (70.4%)]. Demographics, comorbidities, surgical features, and post-operative outcomes were compared between both groups. Post-operative outcomes were also compared between both groups in the subgroup of patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery [n = 472: BMI ≥ 30, n = 136 (28.8%); BMI < 30, n = 336 (71.2%)].
Obese patients had a higher burden of cardiac (73.1% vs 56.8%; P < 0.001) and respiratory comorbidities (37.4% vs 26.8%; P = 0.01). Obese patients were also more likely to undergo conversion to an open procedure (12.8% vs 5.1%; P = 0.002), but did not experience more post-operative complications (51.6% vs 44.1%; P = 0.06) or high-grade complications (19.2% vs 14.1%; P = 0.11). In the laparoscopic subgroup, however, obesity was associated with a higher prevalence of post-operative complications (47.8% vs 39.3%; P = 0.05) but not high-grade complications (17.6% vs 11.0%; P = 0.07).
Surgical resection of CRC in obese individuals is safe. A higher prevalence of post-operative complications in obese patients appears to only be in the context of laparoscopic surgery.
Core Tip: This retrospective study assessed the post-operative outcomes of obese patients undergoing colorectal cancer (CRC) resection. Despite having a greater burden of cardiovascular and respiratory comorbidities and increased rate of conversion to open surgery, obese patients had equitable post-operative outcomes as those with a normal body mass index. There were no differences in severity of complications, length of stay, or mortality rates. Comparisons of obese and non-obese patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery showed that obese patients had a higher prevalence of post-operative complications but not high-grade complications. CRC surgery in obese individuals is generally safe, with caution advised if a laparoscopic approach is planned.
- Citation: Mao D, Flynn DE, Yerkovich S, Tran K, Gurunathan U, Chandrasegaram MD. Effect of obesity on post-operative outcomes following colorectal cancer surgery. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2022; 14(7): 1324-1336
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-5204/full/v14/i7/1324.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4251/wjgo.v14.i7.1324
Colorectal cancer (CRC) contributes substantially to the healthcare burden worldwide[1], and is the fourth most commonly diagnosed malignancy and second most common cause of cancer-related death in Australia[2]. Obesity is a rising global pandemic associated with systemic disease and poor health outcomes[3]. Body mass index (BMI) is an overall measure of total body fat, and is an easily calculable and accepted surrogate marker of obesity[4]. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines obesity in adults as a BMI of ≥ 30 kg/cm2[5].
The increasing prevalence of obesity is of particular concern to colorectal surgeons, as it is not only implicated in the pathogenesis of CRC but also may have an impact on post-operative outcomes[6]. However, with several studies reporting inconsistent findings[7-9], there remains no consensus. The Clavien-Dindo Classification is a standardized system of grading post-operative complications, ranging from grade I (minor events) to grade V (death)[10]. With objective criteria, it is a highly reproducible method of grading post-operative complications, and is validated across several surgical disciplines including colorectal surgery[11].
In this study, we conducted a retrospective cohort study to outline and compare the clinical characteristics of obese and non-obese patients undergoing surgical resection of CRC at our institution, as well as to evaluate the impact of obesity on post-operative outcomes using the Clavien-Dindo Classification of Surgical Complications. The secondary aim was to determine the impact of obesity on post-operative outcomes in the subgroup of patients undergoing laparoscopic CRC resection.
The Prince Charles Hospital (TPCH) CRC Database includes all patients who have undergone CRC resection at our institution. The criteria for inclusion in TPCH CRC Database were all patients who had histologically confirmed CRC (including appendiceal cancers as per the International Classification of Diseases-10 classification) and underwent an operation at TPCH between January 2010 and December 2020. As per the WHO definition, patients were grouped into an obese group (BMI ≥ 30) or non-obese group (BMI < 30), and the demographic features, comorbidities, and surgical features in each group were reported and compared. In addition, the post-operative outcomes of patients in each group were also compared.
Approval for the TPCH Colorectal Cancer Database was granted by TPCH Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC/17/QPCH/295).
Demographic data documented in this study included age, sex, BMI, smoking, and alcohol status. Patient comorbidities were categorized into cardiac, respiratory and metabolic etiologies, with specific diseases recorded in each category if present. The American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) grade was also recorded (Table 1).
| BMI < 30 (% of group) | BMI ≥ 30 (% of group) | Total | P value | ||
| Patients | 433 | 182 | 615 | ||
| Age | 71 (58.0-79.0) | 70 (60.0-77.0) | 0.45 | ||
| Sex | Male | 232 (53.6) | 83 (45.6) | 315 | 0.08 |
| Female | 201 (46.4) | 99 (54.4) | 300 | ||
| ASA grade | Low (ASA 1-2) | 198 (45.7) | 54 (29.7) | 252 | < 0.001 |
| High (ASA ≥ 3) | 235 (54.3) | 128 (70.3) | 363 | ||
| Any cardiac comorbidity | 246 (56.8) | 133 (73.1) | 379 | < 0.001 | |
| Specified cardiac comorbidity | Ischemic heart disease | 79 (18.2) | 37 (20.3) | 116 | 0.57 |
| Coronary artery bypass graft | 25 (5.8) | 16 (8.8) | 41 | 0.21 | |
| Coronary stents | 25 (5.8) | 15 (8.2) | 40 | 0.28 | |
| Pacemaker | 8 (1.8) | 5 (2.7) | 13 | 0.54 | |
| Valve replacement | 19 (4.4) | 4 (2.2) | 23 | 0.25 | |
| Heart failure | 19 (4.4) | 9 (4.9) | 28 | 0.83 | |
| Hypertension | 186 (43.0) | 117 (64.3) | 303 | < 0.001 | |
| Atrial fibrillation | 54 (12.5) | 29 (15.9) | 83 | 0.25 | |
| Any respiratory comorbidity | 116 (26.8) | 68 (37.4) | 184 | 0.01 | |
| Specified respiratory comorbidity | Asthma | 41 (9.5) | 27 (14.8) | 68 | 0.07 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 52 (12.0) | 20 (11.0) | 72 | 0.78 | |
| Bronchiectasis | 6 (1.4) | 3 (1.6) | 9 | 0.73 | |
| Obstructive sleep apnea | 10 (2.3) | 26 (14.3) | 36 | < 0.001 | |
| Any metabolic comorbidity | 158 (36.5) | 182 (100.0) | 340 | < 0.001 | |
| Specified metabolic comorbidity | Type 1 diabetes mellitus | 3 (0.7) | 0 (0.0) | 3 | 0.56 |
| Type 2 diabetes mellitus | 55 (12.7) | 52 (28.6) | 107 | < 0.001 | |
| Hyperlipidemia | 116 (26.8) | 59 (32.4) | 175 | 0.17 | |
| Current smoker | 67 (15.5) | 25 (13.8) | 92 | 0.71 | |
| Alcohol > 2 standard drinks/d | 44 (10.2) | 13 (7.1) | 57 | 0.29 | |
Surgical features recorded included cancer location, operative urgency, operative approach, colorectal operation performed, requirement for stoma, and peri-operative requirement for transfusion (Table 2).
| BMI < 30 (% of group) | BMI ≥ 30 (% of group) | Total | P value | ||
| Patients | 433 | 182 | 615 | ||
| Cancer location | Appendix | 37 (8.5) | 9 (4.9) | 46 | 0.47 |
| Cecum to transverse colon | 205 (47.3) | 92 (50.5) | 297 | ||
| Splenic flexure to sigmoid colon | 143 (33.0) | 61 (33.5) | 204 | ||
| Rectum | 48 (11.1) | 20 (11.0) | 68 | ||
| Operative urgency | Elective | 359 (82.9) | 161 (88.5) | 519 | 0.09 |
| Emergency | 74 (17.1) | 21 (11.5) | 95 | ||
| Operative approach | Laparoscopic | 265 (61.5) | 96 (53.3) | 361 | 0.002 |
| Open | 72 (16.7) | 20 (11.1) | 92 | ||
| Laparoscopic-assisted | 71 (16.5) | 40 (22.2) | 111 | ||
| Laparoscopic converted to open | 22 (5.1) | 23 (12.8) | 45 | ||
| Transanal excision | 1 (0.2) | 1 (0.2) | 2 | ||
| Operation performed | Appendicectomy | 31 (7.2) | 8 (4.4) | 39 | 0.18 |
| Right hemicolectomy | 170 (39.3) | 74 (40.7) | 244 | ||
| Extended right hemicolectomy | 34 (7.9) | 18 (9.9) | 52 | ||
| Left hemicolectomy | 18 (4.2) | 11 (6.0) | 29 | ||
| Hartmann’s procedure | 20 (4.6) | 5 (2.7) | 25 | ||
| High anterior resection | 76 (17.6) | 37 (20.3) | 113 | ||
| Low anterior resection | 27 (6.2) | 9 (4.9) | 36 | ||
| Ultra-low anterior resection | 28 (6.5) | 5 (2.7) | 33 | ||
| Other | 29 (6.7) | 15 (8.2) | 44 | ||
| Stoma requirement | 65 (15.0) | 18 (9.9) | 83 | 0.09 | |
| Peri-operative transfusion requirement | 65 (15.0) | 28 (15.4) | 93 | 0.90 | |
Post-operative outcomes recorded included the occurrence of any post-operative complication, which were each graded by the Clavien-Dindo Classification of Surgical Complications (Supplementary material). Complications were also classified as either no complication/low-grade and high-grade, defined as Clavien-Dindo grades I-II and III-V respectively. In addition, complications were attributed to either a surgical or medical cause, with specific surgical and medical complications also recorded if they occurred (Table 3).
| BMI < 30 (% of group) | BMI ≥ 30 (% of group) | Total | P value | ||
| Patients | 433 | 182 | 615 | ||
| Post-operative complication (CD grade) | No complication | 242 (55.9) | 88 (48.4) | 330 | 0.06 |
| Complication | 191 (44.1) | 94 (51.6) | 285 | ||
| I | 31 (7.2) | 17 (9.3) | 48 | ||
| II | 99 (22.9) | 42 (23.1) | 141 | ||
| IIIa | 27 (6.2) | 15 (8.2) | 42 | ||
| IIIb | 13 (3.0) | 6 (3.3) | 19 | ||
| IVa | 13 (3.0) | 10 (5.5) | 23 | ||
| IVb | 0 (0.0) | 3 (1.6) | 3 | ||
| V | 8 (1.8) | 1 (0.5) | 9 | ||
| No complication or low-grade complication (CD I-II) | 372 (85.9) | 147 (80.8) | 519 | 0.11 | |
| High-grade complication (CD IIIa-V) | 61 (14.1) | 35 (19.2) | 96 | ||
| Any surgical complication | 99 (22.9) | 48 (26.4) | 147 | 0.35 | |
| Specified surgical complications | Abdomino-pelvic collection | 16 (3.7) | 3 (1.6) | 19 | 0.21 |
| Anastomotic leak | 12 (2.8) | 7 (3.8) | 19 | 0.46 | |
| Wound infection | 19 (4.4) | 7 (3.8) | 26 | 0.83 | |
| Prolonged ileus | 49 (11.3) | 27 (14.8) | 76 | 0.23 | |
| Post-operative hemorrhage | 3 (0.7) | 2 (1.1) | 5 | 0.64 | |
| Return to theatre | 13 (3.0) | 7 (3.8) | 20 | 0.62 | |
| Post-operative sepsis | 16 (8.3) | 8 (8.6) | 24 | 1.00 | |
| Any medical complication | 96 (22.2) | 37 (20.3) | 133 | 0.67 | |
| Specified medical complications | VTE (DVT/PE) | 4 (0.9) | 2 (1.1) | 6 | 1.00 |
| Pneumonia | 19 (4.4) | 8 (4.4) | 27 | 1.00 | |
| Ischemic cardiac event | 5 (1.2) | 5 (2.7) | 10 | 0.17 | |
| Cardiac arrhythmia | 30 (6.9) | 9 (4.9) | 39 | 0.47 | |
| Respiratory failure | 10 (2.3) | 8 (4.4) | 18 | 0.19 | |
| Renal failure | 12 (2.8) | 7 (3.8) | 19 | 0.46 | |
| Unplanned ICU admission | 16 (3.7) | 6 (3.3) | 22 | 1.00 | |
| Post-operative length of stay (d) | 6 (IQR 5-11) | 7 (IQR 5-11) | 0.42 | ||
The outcomes as above were also undertaken in the subgroup of patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery (Table 4). Patients who underwent laparoscopic surgery who were converted to an open procedure intra-operatively were excluded from this subgroup. Furthermore, post-operative outcomes of obese vs non-obese patients were compared in subgroups divided by cancer location. Patients were divided into a right sided colon cancer (caecum to transverse colon) subgroup (Table 5), left sided colon cancer (splenic flexure to sigmoid colon) subgroup (Table 6) and a rectal cancer subgroup (Table 7).
| BMI < 30 (% of group) | BMI ≥ 30 (% of group) | Total | P value | ||
| Patients | 336 | 136 | 472 | ||
| Post-operative complication (CD grade) | No complication | 204 (60.7) | 71 (52.2) | 275 | 0.05 |
| Complication | 132 (39.3) | 65 (47.8) | 197 | ||
| I | 24 (7.1) | 12 (8.8) | 36 | ||
| II | 71 (21.1) | 29 (21.3) | 100 | ||
| IIIa | 20 (6.0) | 10 (7.4) | 30 | ||
| IIIb | 6 (1.8) | 6 (4.4) | 12 | ||
| IVa | 6 (1.8) | 6 (4.4) | 12 | ||
| IVb | 0 (0.0) | 2 (1.5) | 2 | ||
| V | 5 (1.5) | 0 (0.0) | 5 | ||
| No complication or low-grade complication (CD I-II) | 299 (89.0) | 112 (82.4) | 411 | 0.07 | |
| High-grade complication (CD IIIa-V) | 37 (11.0) | 24 (17.6) | 61 | ||
| Any surgical complication | 68 (20.2) | 37 (27.2) | 105 | 0.11 | |
| Specified surgical complications | Abdomino-pelvic collection | 9 (2.7) | 3 (2.2) | 12 | 1.00 |
| Anastomotic leak | 7 (2.1) | 5 (3.7) | 12 | 0.34 | |
| Wound infection | 13 (3.9) | 6 (4.4) | 19 | 0.80 | |
| Prolonged ileus | 33 (9.8) | 21 (15.4) | 54 | 0.11 | |
| Post-operative hemorrhage | 2 (0.6) | 1 (0.7) | 3 | 1.00 | |
| Return to theatre | 6 (1.8) | 6 (4.4) | 12 | 0.11 | |
| Post-operative sepsis | 12 (9.0) | 4 (6.2) | 16 | 0.59 | |
| Any medical complication | 66 (19.6) | 21 (15.4) | 87 | 0.36 | |
| Specified medical complications | VTE (DVT/PE) | 3 (0.9) | 1 (0.7) | 4 | 1.00 |
| Pneumonia | 13 (3.9) | 2 (1.5) | 15 | 0.25 | |
| Ischemic cardiac event | 3 (0.9) | 3 (2.2) | 6 | 0.36 | |
| Cardiac arrhythmia | 23 (6.8) | 7 (5.1) | 30 | 0.68 | |
| Respiratory failure | 7 (2.1) | 6 (4.4) | 13 | 0.21 | |
| Renal failure | 7 (2.1) | 4 (2.9) | 11 | 0.52 | |
| Unplanned ICU admission | 6 (1.8) | 3 (2.2) | 9 | 0.72 | |
| Post-operative length of stay (d) | 6 (IQR 4-9) | 6 (IQR 5-10) | 0.15 | ||
| BMI < 30 (% of group) | BMI ≥ 30 (% of group) | Total | P value | ||
| Patients | 205 | 92 | 297 | ||
| Post-operative complication (CD grade) | No complication | 94 (45.9) | 44 (47.8) | 138 | 0.61 |
| Complication | 111 (54.1) | 48 (52.2) | 159 | ||
| I | 21 (10.2) | 9 (9.8) | 30 | ||
| II | 58 (28.3) | 23 (25.0) | 81 | ||
| IIIa | 19 (9.3) | 7 (7.6) | 26 | ||
| IIIb | 3 (1.5) | 1 (1.1) | 4 | ||
| IVa | 8 (3.9) | 5 (5.4) | 13 | ||
| IVb | 0 (0.0) | 2 (2.2) | 2 | ||
| V | 2 (1.0) | 1 (1.1) | 3 | ||
| No complication or low-grade complication (CD I-II) | 173 (84.4) | 76 (82.6) | 249 | 0.73 | |
| High-grade complication (CD IIIa-V) | 32 (15.6) | 16 (17.4) | 48 | ||
| Any surgical complication | 52 (25.4) | 22 (23.9) | 74 | 0.88 | |
| Specified surgical complications | Abdomino-pelvic collection | 7 (3.4) | 3 (0.0) | 10 | 0.10 |
| Anastomotic leak | 7 (3.4) | 0 (0.0) | 7 | 1.00 | |
| Wound infection | 10 (4.9) | 3 (3.3) | 13 | 0.76 | |
| Prolonged ileus | 26 (12.7) | 14 (15.2) | 40 | 0.58 | |
| Post-operative hemorrhage | 1 (0.5) | 2 (2.2) | 3 | 0.23 | |
| Return to theatre | 3 (1.5) | 1 (1.1) | 4 | 1.00 | |
| Post-operative sepsis | 2 (1.0) | 1 (1.1) | 3 | 1.00 | |
| Any medical complication | 55 (26.8) | 25 (27.2) | 80 | 1.00 | |
| Specified medical complications | VTE (DVT/PE) | 2 (1.0) | 1 (1.1) | 3 | 1.00 |
| Pneumonia | 14 (6.8) | 6 (6.5) | 20 | 1.00 | |
| Ischemic cardiac event | 2 (1.0) | 3 (3.3) | 5 | 0.17 | |
| Cardiac arrhythmia | 20 (9.8) | 6 (6.5) | 26 | 0.51 | |
| Respiratory failure | 4 (2.0) | 5 (5.4) | 9 | 0.14 | |
| Renal failure | 7 (3.4) | 6 (6.5) | 13 | 0.23 | |
| Unplanned ICU admission | 8 (3.9) | 4 (4.3) | 12 | 1.00 | |
| Post-operative length of stay (d) | 7 (IQR 5-11) | 6 (IQR 5-11) | 0.91 | ||
| BMI < 30 (% of group) | BMI ≥ 30 (% of group) | Total | P value | ||
| Patients | 143 | 61 | 204 | ||
| Post-operative complication (CD grade) | No complication | 90 (62.9) | 32 (52.5) | 122 | 0.09 |
| Complication | 53 (37.1) | 29 (47.5) | 82 | ||
| I | 7 (4.9) | 6 (9.8) | 13 | ||
| II | 32 (22.4) | 12 (19.7) | 44 | ||
| IIIa | 3 (2.1) | 6 (9.8) | 9 | ||
| IIIb | 5 (3.5) | 2 (3.3) | 7 | ||
| IVa | 3 (2.1) | 2 (3.3) | 5 | ||
| IVb | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.6) | 1 | ||
| V | 3 (2.1) | 0 (0.0) | 3 | ||
| No complication or low-grade complication (CD I-II) | 129 (90.2) | 50 (82.0) | 179 | 0.11 | |
| High-grade complication (CD IIIa-V) | 14 (9.8) | 11 (18.0) | 25 | ||
| Any surgical complication | 29 (20.3) | 17 (27.9) | 46 | 0.27 | |
| Specified surgical complications | Abdomino-pelvic collection | 7 (4.9) | 2 (3.3) | 9 | 0.73 |
| Anastomotic leak | 4 (2.8) | 2 (3.3) | 6 | 1.00 | |
| Wound infection | 4 (2.8) | 3 (4.9) | 7 | 0.43 | |
| Prolonged ileus | 17 (11.9) | 9 (14.8) | 26 | 0.65 | |
| Post-operative hemorrhage | 1 (0.7) | 0 (0.0) | 1 | 1.00 | |
| Return to theatre | 5 (3.5) | 3 (4.9) | 8 | 0.70 | |
| Post-operative sepsis | 3 (2.1) | 0 (0.0) | 3 | 0.56 | |
| Any medical complication | 28 (19.6) | 6 (9.8) | 34 | 0.10 | |
| Specified medical complications | VTE (DVT/PE) | 1 (0.7) | 1 (1.6) | 2 | 0.51 |
| Pneumonia | 5 (3.5) | 2 (3.3) | 7 | 1.00 | |
| Ischemic cardiac event | 1 (0.7) | 0 (0.0) | 1 | 1.00 | |
| Cardiac arrhythmia | 6 (4.2) | 0 (0.0) | 6 | 1.00 | |
| Respiratory failure | 4 (2.8) | 2 (3.3) | 6 | 1.00 | |
| Renal failure | 4 (2.8) | 0 (0.0) | 4 | 0.32 | |
| Unplanned ICU admission | 5 (3.5) | 2 (3.3) | 7 | 1.00 | |
| Post-operative length of stay (d) | 7 (IQR 5-10) | 7 (IQR 5-10) | 0.89 | ||
| BMI < 30 (% of group) | BMI ≥ 30 (% of group) | Total | P value | ||
| Patients | 48 | 20 | 68 | ||
| Post-operative complication (CD grade) | No complication | 22 (45.8) | 6 (30.0) | 28 | 0.68 |
| Complication | 26 (54.2) | 14 (70.0) | 40 | ||
| I | 3 (6.3) | 2 (10.0) | 5 | ||
| II | 8 (16.7) | 5 (25.0) | 13 | ||
| IIIa | 5 (10.4) | 2 (10.0) | 7 | ||
| IIIb | 5 (10.4) | 3 (15.0) | 8 | ||
| IVa | 2 (4.2) | 2 (10.0) | 4 | ||
| IVb | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 | ||
| V | 3 (6.3) | 0 (0.0) | 3 | ||
| No complication or low-grade complication (CD I-II) | 33 (68.8) | 13 (65.0) | 46 | 0.78 | |
| High-grade complication (CD IIIa-V) | 15 (31.2) | 7 (35.0) | 22 | ||
| Any surgical complication | 18 (37.5) | 7 (35.0) | 25 | 1.00 | |
| Specified surgical complications | Abdomino-pelvic collection | 2 (4.2) | 1 (5.0) | 3 | 1.00 |
| Anastomotic leak | 1 (2.1) | 2 (10.0) | 3 | 0.20 | |
| Wound infection | 5 (10.4) | 0 (0.0) | 5 | 0.31 | |
| Prolonged ileus | 6 (12.5) | 3 (15.0) | 9 | 1.00 | |
| Post-operative hemorrhage | 1 (2.1) | 0 (0.0) | 1 | 1.00 | |
| Return to theatre | 5 (10.4) | 3 (15.0) | 8 | 0.68 | |
| Post-operative sepsis | 1 (2.1) | 0 (0.0) | 1 | 1.00 | |
| Any medical complication | 13 (27.1) | 5 (25.0) | 18 | 1.00 | |
| Specified medical complications | VTE (DVT/PE) | 1 (2.1) | 0 (0.0) | 1 | 1.00 |
| Pneumonia | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 | ||
| Ischemic cardiac event | 2 (4.2) | 2 (10.0) | 4 | 0.58 | |
| Cardiac arrhythmia | 4 (8.3) | 2 (10.0) | 6 | 1.00 | |
| Respiratory failure | 2 (4.2) | 1 (5.0) | 3 | 1.00 | |
| Renal failure | 1 (2.1) | 1 (5.0) | 2 | 0.50 | |
| Unplanned ICU admission | 3 (6.3) | 0 (0.0) | 3 | 0.55 | |
| Post-operative length of stay (d) | 9 (IQR 6-14) | 10 (IQR 5-21) | 0.91 | ||
Statistical analysis was performed using Stata v17 (StataCorp, La Jolla, CA, United States). Categorial variables are presented as frequencies, and continuous variables are presented as medians and interquartile ranges. Groups were assessed using the t-test, χ2test or Fisher’s exact test as appropriate. Statistically significant results were defined as P ≤ 0.05.
From January 2010 to December 2020, 615 patients at our institution fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were included in the database. In all, 182 patients (29.6%) had a BMI ≥ 30 (obese group), and 433 patients (70.4%) had a BMI < 30 (non-obese group). Table 1 outlines and compares the demographic features and comorbidities in both groups.
Patients in both groups were of similar age (obese group, 70 years vs non-obese group, 71 years; P = 0.45) and sex (45.6% male vs 53.6% male; P = 0.08). By contrast, the obese group had a greater proportion of patients graded at a higher ASA grade (ASA I-II: 29.7% vs 45.7%, ASA ≥ III: 70.3% vs 54.3%; P < 0.001), and also had a higher prevalence of cardiac comorbidities (73.1% vs 56.8%; P < 0.001) and respiratory comorbidities (37.4% vs 26.8%; P = 0.01) compared to patients in the non-obese group. Obese patients were more likely to have type II diabetes mellitus (28.6% vs 12.7%; P < 0.001).
Table 2 outlines and compares the surgical features between the obese and non-obese groups. Both groups had a similar proportion of elective and emergency procedures (88.5% vs 82.9% and 11.5% vs 17.1% respectively; P = 0.09). The obese group had a higher proportion of patients requiring conversion to an open procedure (12.8% vs 5.1%; P = 0.002). Both groups had a similar percentage of patients requiring peri-operative blood transfusion (15.4% vs 15.0%; P = 0.90).
Table 3 outlines and compares the post-operative outcomes and complications between the obese and non-obese groups. There were no significant differences between groups in terms of the prevalence of post-operative complications (51.6% vs 44.1%; P = 0.06) or high-grade complications (19.2% vs 14.1%; P = 0.11). In-hospital mortality (Clavien-Dindo V) occurred in 1 obese patient (0.5%) and 8 non-obese patients (1.8%). There were no differences between both groups in the incidence of surgical complications (26.4% vs 22.9%; P = 0.35), including, but not limited to, anastomotic leak (3.8% vs 2.8%; P = 0.46), wound infection (3.8% vs 4.4%; P = 0.83) and return to theatre (3.8% vs 3.0%; P = 0.62). The prevalence of post-operative medical complications was also similar between both groups (20.3% vs 22.2%; P = 0.67), and there were no differences in the prevalence of specific medical complications. The median post-operative length of stay was also similar between both groups (7 d vs 6 d; P = 0.42).
A total of 472 patients (76.7%) underwent laparoscopic and laparoscopic-assisted surgery; among them, 336 (71.2%) had a BMI < 30, and 136 (28.8%) had a BMI ≥ 30. Obese patients in the laparoscopic surgery subgroup similarly had a higher ASA grade (ASA I-II: 36.8% vs 48.1%, ASA ≥ III: 63.2% vs 51.9%; P = 0.03), and a higher prevalence of pre-existing cardiac comorbidities (72.8% vs 56.3%; P < 0.001) and respiratory comorbidities (38.2% vs 26.9%; P = 0.02) compared to non-obese patients.
Post-operative outcomes of the patients in the cohort undergoing laparoscopic surgery are shown in Table 4. Obese patients were more likely to experience a post-operative complication (47.8% vs 39.3%; P = 0.05); however, there was no differences between both groups in the incidence of high-grade complications (17.6% vs 11.0%; P = 0.07). There were similarly no major differences between both groups in the percentage of patients who experienced a surgical complication (27.2% vs 20.2%; P = 0.11) or medical complication (15.4% vs 19.6%; P = 0.36). The median post-operative length of stay was equivalent between both groups (6 d vs 6 d; P = 0.15).
Obese and non-obese patients in the right-sided colon cancer subgroup had equivalent outcomes, with no differences in the incidence of post-operative complications (52.2% vs 54.1%; P = 0.61), high-grade complications (17.4% vs 15.6%; P = 0.73), surgical complications (23.9% vs 25.4%; P = 0.88), or medical complications (27.2% vs 26.8%; P = 1.00). Similarly in the left-sided colon cancer subgroup there were no differences between obese and non-obese patients in the percentage of post-operative complications (47.5% vs 37.1%; P = 0.09), high-grade complications (18.0% vs 9.8%; P = 0.11), surgical complications (27.9% vs 20.3%; P = 0.27), or medical complications (9.8% vs 19.6%; P = 0.10). In the rectal cancer subgroup, there were also no differences between obese and non-obese patients in the prevalence of post-operative complications (70.0% vs 54.2%; P = 0.68), high-grade complications (35.0% vs 31.2%; P = 0.78), surgical complications (35.0% vs 37.5%; P = 1.00), or medical complications (25.0% vs 27.1%; P = 1.00).
We found that despite patients with an obese BMI having significantly higher rates of cardiac comorbidities, respiratory comorbidities, type II diabetes mellitus, and conversion to open surgery compared to patients with a non-obese BMI, there was no increased prevalence of post-operative complications (51.6% vs 44.1%; P = 0.06) or high-grade complications (19.2% vs 14.1%; P = 0.11) following CRC surgery. Our findings are concordant with Genser et al[12], who reported that in patients undergoing emergency colon cancer surgery, obese patients did not experience a higher proportion of post-operative complications (54% vs 52%; P = 0.86) or high-grade complications (20% vs 17%; P = 0.47). Despite our obese cohort having a higher burden of medical comorbidities, we did not observe an increased rate of specific post-operative medical complications. Smith et al[13] also showed that obese patients are not at an increased risk of post-operative pneumonia or renal failure, and Merkow et al[14] showed that obese patients are similarly not at increased risk of post-operative pneumonia, cardiac arrest, myocardial infarction, or stroke. Obesity may not be an independent predictor of peri-operative cardiac complications, with the latter more accurately related to functional status rather than traditional cardiovascular risk factors[15].
Importantly, we determined that the impact of obesity on post-operative outcomes may only manifest in patients undergoing laparoscopic resection, with obese patients in this subgroup having a significantly increased prevalence of post-operative complications (47.8% vs 39.3%; P = 0.05). It should be noted that these findings were not influenced by patients who underwent laparoscopic converted to open surgery given that they were excluded from this subgroup.
In contrast to our findings, a Chinese study by Xia et al[16] reported that following laparoscopic CRC resection, patients with a BMI ≥ 30 had a higher but non-significant incidence of Clavien-Dindo grade III complications compared to patients with a BMI of < 25 (14.3% vs 5.1%; P = 0.178). Similarly, a Korean study on laparoscopic CRC outcomes by Park et al[17] also showed that obesity was not associated with an increased rate of major post-operative complications including ileus, bleeding and anastomotic leak (7.4% vs 5.3%; P = 0.889). Non-significant results in both these studies may be related to the lower prevalence of obesity in Asian countries, which is reflected by both studies having only 2.7% of their cohorts categorized as BMI ≥ 30. Two systematic reviews of laparoscopic CRC surgery outcomes in the obese by Fung et al[18] and He et al[19] have both reported obesity to be associated with increased overall post-operative morbidity [odds ratio (OR) = 1.54, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.21-1.97 and OR = 1.40, 95%CI: 1.18-1.66 respectively].
It is widely recognized that visceral obesity is associated with increased intra-operative technical difficulty by reducing access and visualization from thickened omentum and mesentery, distorting surgical planes, and increasing the risk of bleeding from both difficult mobilization of vessels and friable fatty tissue[20]. Our finding of poorer post-operative outcomes in obese patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery and not the obese cohort in general may be due to the fact that these aforementioned issues are aggravated in a laparoscopic approach, where increased intra-abdominal adiposity may severely restrict the already small working space available during a minimally-invasive resection. In addition, obese patients are pre-disposed to having a reduced physiologic reserve, and are thus at a greater risk of hemodynamic compromise during pneumoperitoneum from both increased intra-abdominal pressure and systemic acidosis secondary to carbon dioxide absorption[21].
In the modern era, laparoscopic surgery has been established as the standard of care in CRC surgery[22]. Although we have shown that utilizing this approach is associated with an increased prevalence of general post-operative complications in obese patients, we acknowledge that there are circumstances where the well-recognized benefits of laparoscopic surgery such as earlier restoration of gut motility, reduced post-operative pain and shorter length of stay may outweigh the perceived risks[23,24]. Martin and Stocchi[25] have proposed several practical strategies during laparoscopic colectomy in the obese such as the use of a 30-degree laparoscope to facilitate exposure and 10 mm instruments to allow for greater leverage during retraction, as well as the use of intra-corporeal vessel ligation given potential difficulties in exteriorizing thickened omentum. Surgeons attempting a laparoscopic approach in obese patients should be adequately experienced and aware that the benefits of laparoscopic surgery likely diminish if meaningful progress in the operation is not made.
We recognize that as an anthropometric measure, BMI has its limitations in the ability to identify visceral obesity, and also is distributed differently among ethnic groups[26]. Our rationale for using BMI as opposed to more specific volumetric measures of intra-abdominal adiposity such as visceral fat area, is that BMI is a much more commonly used definition of obesity in the literature. This enabled us to compare our outcomes directly against a larger number of studies. In addition, given that BMI is indicative of whole-body fat, it also allows for the analysis of general adipose-associated pathophy
We found that despite patients with an obese BMI having significantly higher rates of cardiac comorbidities, respiratory comorbidities, type II diabetes mellitus, and conversion to open surgery compared to patients with a non-obese BMI, there was no increased prevalence of post-operative complications (51.6% vs 44.1%; P = 0.06) or high-grade complications (19.2% vs 14.1%; P = 0.11) following CRC surgery.
Surgical resection of CRC in obese individuals is safe. A higher prevalence of post-operative complications in obese patients appears to only be in the context of laparoscopic surgery.
Obesity is a worldwide epidemic of increasing significance. Although the colorectal surgeons of today manage a greater number of obese patients with colorectal cancer (CRC), the current literature reports inconsistent findings on whether this phenomenon impacts post-operative outcomes following CRC surgery.
This research was conducted to determine whether obese patients had equivalent outcomes compared to non-obese patients following CRC surgery. This is an important issue, as there is no consensus on whether obesity truly impacts post-operative outcomes, yet obese patients are at risk of having their surgery withheld or delayed based on this factor alone.
The primary aim of this study was to compare the post-operative outcomes of obese vs non-obese patients following CRC surgery. With laparoscopic surgery now recognized as the standard of care in CRC management, post-operative outcomes between obese and non-obese patients were also analyzed in the subgroup of patients undergoing laparoscopic CRC surgery.
Patients who underwent CRC resection between January 2010 and December 2020 at the Prince Charles Hospital, Queensland, Australia were included in this study. As per the World Health Organization definition, this study defined obesity as a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 mg/kg2. Patients were divided into an obese and non-obese group, and post-operative outcomes were compared between these two groups using parametric and non-parametric tests. This study also analyzed the post-operative outcomes of obese vs non-obese patients in the subgroup undergoing laparoscopic CRC surgery.
This research has demonstrated that although obese patients were more likely to experience conversion to an open procedure (P = 0.002), they did not experience more post-operative complications (P = 0.06) or high-grade complications (P = 0.11). There were also no differences in in-hospital mortality (P = 0.06) or length of stay (P = 0.42). In the laparoscopic subgroup however, patients were more likely to experience a post-operative complication (P = 0.05), but did not experience more high-grade complications (P = 0.07).
Our study has determined that obesity is no barrier to adequate post-operative outcomes following CRC surgery, with obese patients having equivalent post-operative outcomes compared to their non-obese counterparts. Caution is advised however, when attempting a laparoscopic approach in obese patients.
Although BMI is a well-recognized and accepted surrogate marker of obesity, further studies in this area should analyze post-operative outcomes using other markers of visceral obesity. In addition, the effect of nutritional status and body composition on post-operative outcomes can be explored.
Provenance and peer review: Invited article; Externally peer reviewed.
Peer-review model: Single blind
Specialty type: Oncology
Country/Territory of origin: Australia
Peer-review report’s scientific quality classification
Grade A (Excellent): 0
Grade B (Very good): B, B
Grade C (Good): C
Grade D (Fair): 0
Grade E (Poor): 0
P-Reviewer: Díez M, Spain; Liu F, China S-Editor: Wang JJ L-Editor: Filipodia P-Editor: Wang JJ
| 1. | Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, Rebelo M, Parkin DM, Forman D, Bray F. Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: sources, methods and major patterns in GLOBOCAN 2012. Int J Cancer. 2015;136:E359-E386. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 20108] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 20142] [Article Influence: 2238.0] [Reference Citation Analysis (18)] |
| 2. | Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Cancer data in Australia. [cited 15 May 2021]. Available from: https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/cancer/cancer-data-in-australia. [Cited in This Article: ] |
| 3. | Pi-Sunyer X. The medical risks of obesity. Postgrad Med. 2009;121:21-33. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 630] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 744] [Article Influence: 53.1] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
| 4. | Borruel S, Moltó JF, Alpañés M, Fernández-Durán E, Álvarez-Blasco F, Luque-Ramírez M, Escobar-Morreale HF. Surrogate markers of visceral adiposity in young adults: waist circumference and body mass index are more accurate than waist hip ratio, model of adipose distribution and visceral adiposity index. PLoS One. 2014;9:e114112. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 62] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 73] [Article Influence: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
| 5. | Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. Report of a WHO consultation. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser. 2000;894:i-xii, 1. [PubMed] [Cited in This Article: ] |
| 6. | Yehuda-Shnaidman E, Schwartz B. Mechanisms linking obesity, inflammation and altered metabolism to colon carcinogenesis. Obes Rev. 2012;13:1083-1095. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 77] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 86] [Article Influence: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
| 7. | Govaert JA, Lijftogt N, van Dijk WA, Tseng LN, Liem RS, Tollenaar RA, Fiocco M, Wouters MW; Dutch Value Based Healthcare Study Group. Colorectal cancer surgery for obese patients: Financial and clinical outcomes of a Dutch population-based registry. J Surg Oncol. 2016;113:489-495. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 12] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 13] [Article Influence: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
| 8. | Poelemeijer YQM, Lijftogt N, Detering R, Fiocco M, Tollenaar RAEM, Wouters MWJM. Obesity as a determinant of perioperative and postoperative outcome in patients following colorectal cancer surgery: A population-based study (2009-2016). Eur J Surg Oncol. 2018;44:1849-1857. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 15] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 13] [Article Influence: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
| 9. | Healy LA, Ryan AM, Sutton E, Younger K, Mehigan B, Stephens R, Reynolds JV. Impact of obesity on surgical and oncological outcomes in the management of colorectal cancer. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2010;25:1293-1299. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 48] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 52] [Article Influence: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
| 10. | Dindo D, Demartines N, Clavien PA. Classification of surgical complications: a new proposal with evaluation in a cohort of 6336 patients and results of a survey. Ann Surg. 2004;240:205-213. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 18532] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 23253] [Article Influence: 1162.7] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
| 11. | Widmar M, Keskin M, Strombom PD, Gennarelli RL, Szeglin BC, Smith JJ, Nash GM, Weiser MR, Paty PB, Russell D, Garcia-Aguilar J. Evaluating the Validity of the Clavien-Dindo Classification in Colectomy Studies: A 90-Day Cost of Care Analysis. Dis Colon Rectum. 2021;64:1426-1434. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 2] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 8] [Article Influence: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
| 12. | Genser L, Manceau G, Mege D, Bridoux V, Lakkis Z, Venara A, Voron T, Bege T, Sielezneff I, Karoui M; on behalf of the AFC (French Surgical Association) Working Group. 30-Day Postoperative Morbidity of Emergency Surgery for Obstructive Right- and Left-Sided Colon Cancer in Obese Patients: A Multicenter Cohort Study of the French Surgical Association. Dig Surg. 2020;37:111-118. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 7] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 7] [Article Influence: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
| 13. | Smith RK, Broach RB, Hedrick TL, Mahmoud NN, Paulson EC. Impact of BMI on postoperative outcomes in patients undergoing proctectomy for rectal cancer: a national surgical quality improvement program analysis. Dis Colon Rectum. 2014;57:687-693. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 26] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 29] [Article Influence: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
| 14. | Merkow RP, Bilimoria KY, McCarter MD, Bentrem DJ. Effect of body mass index on short-term outcomes after colectomy for cancer. J Am Coll Surg. 2009;208:53-61. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 157] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 164] [Article Influence: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
| 15. | Fleisher LA, Fleischmann KE, Auerbach AD, Barnason SA, Beckman JA, Bozkurt B, Davila-Roman VG, Gerhard-Herman MD, Holly TA, Kane GC, Marine JE, Nelson MT, Spencer CC, Thompson A, Ting HH, Uretsky BF, Wijeysundera DN. 2014 ACC/AHA guideline on perioperative cardiovascular evaluation and management of patients undergoing noncardiac surgery: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2014;130:2215-2245. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 440] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 473] [Article Influence: 47.3] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
| 16. | Xia X, Huang C, Jiang T, Cen G, Cao J, Huang K, Qiu Z. Is laparoscopic colorectal cancer surgery associated with an increased risk in obese patients? World J Surg Oncol. 2014;12:184. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 22] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 28] [Article Influence: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
| 17. | Park JW, Lim SW, Choi HS, Jeong SY, Oh JH, Lim SB. The impact of obesity on outcomes of laparoscopic surgery for colorectal cancer in Asians. Surg Endosc. 2010;24:1679-1685. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 61] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 65] [Article Influence: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
| 18. | Fung A, Trabulsi N, Morris M, Garfinkle R, Saleem A, Wexner SD, Vasilevsky CA, Boutros M. Laparoscopic colorectal cancer resections in the obese: a systematic review. Surg Endosc. 2017;31:2072-2088. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 31] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 41] [Article Influence: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
| 19. | He Y, Wang J, Bian H, Deng X, Wang Z. BMI as a Predictor for Perioperative Outcome of Laparoscopic Colorectal Surgery: a Pooled Analysis of Comparative Studies. Dis Colon Rectum. 2017;60:433-445. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 56] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 62] [Article Influence: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
| 20. | Lascano CA, Kaidar-Person O, Szomstein S, Rosenthal R, Wexner SD. Challenges of laparoscopic colectomy in the obese patient: a review. Am J Surg. 2006;192:357-365. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 56] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 59] [Article Influence: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
| 21. | Nguyen NT, Wolfe BM. The physiologic effects of pneumoperitoneum in the morbidly obese. Ann Surg. 2005;241:219-226. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 207] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 189] [Article Influence: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
| 22. | Mamidanna R, Burns EM, Bottle A, Aylin P, Stonell C, Hanna GB, Faiz O. Reduced risk of medical morbidity and mortality in patients selected for laparoscopic colorectal resection in England: a population-based study. Arch Surg. 2012;147:219-227. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 63] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 68] [Article Influence: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
| 23. | Zhuang CL, Huang DD, Chen FF, Zhou CJ, Zheng BS, Chen BC, Shen X, Yu Z. Laparoscopic versus open colorectal surgery within enhanced recovery after surgery programs: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Surg Endosc. 2015;29:2091-2100. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 49] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 54] [Article Influence: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
| 24. | Fujii S, Tsukamoto M, Fukushima Y, Shimada R, Okamoto K, Tsuchiya T, Nozawa K, Matsuda K, Hashiguchi Y. Systematic review of laparoscopic vs open surgery for colorectal cancer in elderly patients. World J Gastrointest Oncol. 2016;8:573-582. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in CrossRef: 67] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 61] [Article Influence: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis (1)] |
| 25. | Martin ST, Stocchi L. Laparoscopic colorectal resection in the obese patient. Clin Colon Rectal Surg. 2011;24:263-273. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 13] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 12] [Article Influence: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
| 26. | Tsujinaka S, Konishi F, Kawamura YJ, Saito M, Tajima N, Tanaka O, Lefor AT. Visceral obesity predicts surgical outcomes after laparoscopic colectomy for sigmoid colon cancer. Dis Colon Rectum. 2008;51:1757-65; discussion 1765. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 159] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 159] [Article Influence: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis (1)] |