Molecular-targeted therapy toward precision medicine for gastrointestinal cancer: Current progress and challenges

Figure 1 Ongoing gastrointestinal cancer clinical trials. A schematic representation of the therapies targeting the key oncogenic signaling pathways in gastrointestinal cancer. These therapies include agents that specifically inhibit components and antibodies of the growth factor receptors such as Epidermal growth factor receptor, RAS/BRAF/mitogen-activated protein kinase, Human epidermal growth factor 2, mesenchymal-epithelial transition, SHP2, Bruton tyrosine kinase, anaplastic lymphoma kinase, fibroblast growth factor recepto, janus kinase - signal transducer and activator of transcription, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin, and tumor growth factor-β pathway; epigenetic regulators such as poly (ADP-ribose) polymerases, cyclin-dependent kinase, and histone deacetylases, and other family members such as WNT, dickkopf-1, hedgehog, CLDN 18.2, and cadherin. EGFR: Epidermal growth factor receptor; HER2/3/4: Human epidermal growth factor 2/3/4; MET: Mesenchymal-epithelial transition; ALK: Anaplastic lymphoma kinase; FGFR: Fbroblast growth factor receptor; VEGFR: Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor; MEK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase; DKK1: Dickkopf-1; ERK: Extracellular signal-regulated kinase; CKD4/6: Cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6; HDAC: Histone deacetylases; PARP: Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerases; mTOR: Mammalian target of rapamycin ; AKT: Protein kinase B; PI3K Phosphoinositide 3-kinase; STAT: Signal transducer and activator of transcription; JAK Janus kinase; BKT: Bruton tyrosine kinase; TGF-β: Tumor growth factor-β; CLDN: Claudin.