Gastric submucosa-invasive carcinoma associated with Epstein-Barr virus and endoscopic submucosal dissection: A case report

Abstract

BACKGROUND

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated carcinoma is a gastric cancer subtype with a morphology characterized by gastric carcinoma with lymphoid stroma (GCLS). Clinicopathological studies have indicated a better prognosis for GCLS than for common gastric carcinomas. Some previous cases of early gastric cancer associated with EBV had been diagnosed by endoscopic resection.

CASE SUMMARY

We present two GCLS cases subjected to endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) for a definitive diagnosis. A protruded gastric lesion was identified by routine endoscopic examination, but forceps biopsy showed no atypical cells before ESD. The resected specimen showed a poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma with lymphoid cells involving the mucosa and submucosa. The final diagnosis was submucosa-invasive poorly differentiated gastric adenocarcinoma. Accordingly, additional gastrectomy was recommended to obtain a complete cure. One patient underwent additional distal gastrectomy with lymph node dissection, but the other was refused because of cardiovascular complications. Both patients remained in remission for more than half a year. EBV positivity was determined by EBV-encoded RNA in situ hybridization. We also conducted a literature review of cases of early gastric cancer associated with EBV that had been diagnosed by ESD.

CONCLUSION

Submucosa-invasive GCLS could be dissected using ESD, and EBV positivity should be subsequently assessed to determine whether or not any additional curative surgery is required. Further prospective investigations on the prevalence of lymph node metastasis in EBV-associated carcinoma should be performed to expand the indications for endoscopic resection.

Key Words: Herpesvirus 4, Human, Stomach neoplasms, Gastric carcinoma with lymphoid stroma, Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric carcinoma, Case report

Core tip: Two cases of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated gastric carcinoma were diagnosed by endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD). Because of its low frequency of lymph node metastasis, EBV-associated carcinoma can be treated with ESD without additional surgery.

INTRODUCTION

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), also known as human herpesvirus 4, is associated with Burkitt lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and natural killer/T lymphoma. EBV is also positive in 80%-90% of cases of gastric carcinoma with lymphoid stroma (GCLS), which includes undifferentiated adenocarcinoma with intense lymphoid infiltration[1].

GCLS was first proposed as a separate entity in 1976[2], and lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma associated with EBV was found in 1990[3,4]. The clinical features of EBV-associated gastric carcinoma include its location in the middle or upper stomach and a superficially depressed or submucosal tumor (SMT)-like appearance. Clinicopathological studies have indicated that EBV-positive carcinomas have a better prognosis and lower rate of lymph node metastasis than EBV-negative carcinomas[1,5,6]. In the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) project, gastric cancers are divided into four subtypes, one of which is positive for EBV. EBV-positive gastric cancer has recently attracted much attention due to dramatic advances in drug therapies such as DNA methylation inhibitors and immune checkpoint inhibitors[7].

EBV-associated GCLS is defined as a poorly differentiated carcinoma admixed with marked subepithelial lymphoid cell infiltration. Because the carcinoma is covered with normal overlying epithelium, an endoscopic biopsy sometimes fails to yield tissue specimens to be pathologically diagnosed as malignant. We performed an endoscopic mucosal dissection (ESD) in two GCLS cases to obtain a definitive diagnosis. EBV positivity in cancer cells was confirmed by EBV-encoded small RNA in situ hybridization. We also reviewed cases of EBV-associated submucosa-invasive GCLS that were subjected to ESD.

CASE PRESENTATION

Case 1

Chief complaint: A 72-year-old woman complaining of abdominal discomfort had been treated for chronic gastritis in our hospital.

History of present illness: She had a medical history of eradication of Helicobacter pylori without a family history of gastric malignancy.

Physical examination: There were no abnormal findings on physical examination, and the serum chemistry and complete blood count were normal.

Imaging examinations: She underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy at her routine check-up. A 20-mm protruding lesion with a central depression was noted in the middle gastric body (Figure 1A). Forceps biopsy showed no atypical cells. Computed tomography (CT) did not revealed gastric tumor or lymph node swelling. Four months later, an endoscopic re-examination revealed no significant difference in findings, with no atypical cells in the biopsy specimen, but subsequent endoscopic ultrasonography indicated a hypoechoic lesion that massively infiltrating the submucosa (Figure 1B and C). Due to a strong suspicion of gastric carcinoma, ESD was performed. The ESD specimen showed a poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma with accompanying prominent lymphoid tissues involving the mucosa and submucosa (Figure 2). Lymphatic invasion was observed, and EBV-encoded RNA (EBER) was detected by in situ hybridization.

Figure 1 Endoscopic and ultrasonographic images of gastric carcinoma with lymphoid stroma (Case 1). A: A protruding lesion with central depression is covered with mucosa, the surface of which shows slight hyperemia; B: Magnifying narrow-band imaging reveals regular round and oval pits on the surface of the tumor; C: A 7.5-MHz endoscopic ultrasound image shows hypo-echoic lesions projecting into the third hyperechoic layer (white arrows).

Figure 2 Findings on histological examination of the endoscopically resected specimen (Case 1). A: The low-magnification view shows gastric carcinoma with lymphoid stroma (GCLS) located in the mucosa to deep submucosa (hematoxylin and eosin: HE); B: A microscopic view of the GCLS reveals normal epithelium overlying the tumor (HE, × 100); C: Epstein-Barr virus-encoded RNA in situ hybridization shows intense staining in carcinoma cells (× 100). GCLS: Gastric carcinoma with lymphoid stroma; HE: Hematoxylin and eosin.

Case 2

Chief complaint: A 73-year-old man was referred to our hospital due to an SMT in the lower gastric body, which had been followed at a city hospital for 4 years.

History of present illness: A follow-up endoscopic examination showed no apparent changes from previous evaluations. The SMT was further examined because the patient needed treatment for myocardial infarction and abdominal aortic aneurysm at a tertiary hospital.

Physical examination: There was no family history of malignancy. No physical finding in his abdomen was observed in our consultation room.

Laboratory examinations: His complete blood count was normal, and most of the blood parameters were within normal range, except for a slight decrease in the renal function test (estimated glomerular filtration rate, 48.5 mL/min).

Imaging examinations: Annual endoscopy revealed no significant change for the following 3 years, and no atypical cells were obtained by forceps biopsy. CT did not reveal gastric tumor or lymph node metastasis. However endoscopic ultrasonography demonstrated a multinodular hypoechoic lesion, measuring 1.5 cm in the greatest dimension, with submucosal involvement (Figure 3). GCLS was suspected, and ESD was performed for a definitive pathological diagnosis when the patients was 76 years old. The pathological diagnosis (Figure 4) was a carcinoma with lymphoid stroma, 19 x 16 mm, and infiltrating into the deep submucosa (SM2, 5200 μm). No lymphovascular invasion was detected. EBV was positive in cancer cells based on EBER in situ hybridization.

Figure 3 Endoscopic and ultrasonographic images of gastric carcinoma with lymphoid stroma (Case 2). A: Submucosal tumor-like lesion with dilated capillary vessels is found in the lower gastric body at the first endoscopic examination; B: Indigo carmine dye spraying emphasizes the protruded tumor with central depression; C: A 20 MHz endoscopic ultrasound image shows a multinodular hypoechoic mass located in the submucosal layer.

Figure 4 Findings on histological examination of the endoscopically resected specimen (Case 2). A: The low-magnification view shows gastric carcinoma with lymphoid stroma mainly located in the submucosal layer (hematoxylin and eosin: HE); B: A microscopic view reveals massive infiltration of lymphoid cells (HE, × 100); C: Epstein-Barr virus-encoded RNA in situ hybridization shows intensely positive staining in the nests of cancer cells (× 100). HE: Hematoxylin and eosin.

FINAL DIAGNOSIS

Case 1 and Case 2

Submucosa-invasive GCLS, EBV-positive. Both patients were recommended to undergo additional distal gastrectomy because there is a risk of lymph node metastasis when poorly differentiated gastric carcinoma is invading the submucosa.

TREATMENT

Case 1

The patient underwent distal gastrectomy, and no residual tumor or lymph node metastasis was observed in the resected specimen.

Case 2

The patient refused surgical operation because of his cardiovascular complications, and was hoping for careful medical observation without chemotherapy or radiotherapy.

OUTCOME AND FOLLOW-UP

Case 1

The patient remained without recurrence at the 14-month follow-up.

Case 2

The patient underwent re-examination by gastroscopy, and no residual atypical cells were pathologically observed at 12 months after ESD. Helicobacter pylori was positive in the biopsy specimen taken from the gastric body, and eradication therapy was therefore performed.

DISCUSSION

Helicobacter pylori is the major cause of gastric cancer, and its eradication is recommended to decrease the risk of gastric cancer. An association between EBV and gastric cancer has also been suggested, as viral clonality is observed in proliferating cancer cells[8]. EBV-associated gastric cancer is characterized as poorly differentiated carcinoma with prominent lymphoid infiltration, clearly distinguishable from Helicobacter pylori-associated gastric cancer. As the infection rate with Helicobacter pylori is decreasing worldwide, trends in EBV-associated gastric cancer are now being monitored with interest by many researchers.

TCGA classifies gastric cancer into four subtypes: EBV-positive tumors, microsatellite unstable tumors, genetically stable tumors, and tumors with chromosomal instability[7]. The EBV-positive subtype shows DNA hypermethylation in host cell DNA due to methyltransferase 1 transcription induced by EBV latent membrane protein 2A. It displays amplification of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) and PD-L2, and the immune tolerance of the neoplasms may be associated with carcinogenesis. While patients with EBV-associated gastric cancer tend to have a good prognosis, the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear[9,10].

Early GCLS has peculiar clinicopathological features, and its prognosis depends on the EBV infection status[11]. Early GCLS has also been analyzed in relation to lymph node metastasis, and EBV positivity is a predictive marker of a negative lymph node metastasis[12,13]. The risk of lymph node metastasis of mucosal GCLS and that of submucosal GCLS are 0 and 4.0%-10.6%, respectively. Limited to EBV-positive cases, intramucosal gastric cancer displays no lymph node metastasis, as reported by Japanese researchers (Tokunaga et al[14] and Murai et al[15]). Therefore, intramucosal EBV-positive gastric carcinomas could be treated by ESD rather than radical gastric surgery, because these cases are associated with a minimal risk of lymph node metastasis. The association between EBV positivity of submucosa-invasive GCLS and lymph node metastasis has not been previously described. A study in Korea reported that EBV positivity is a favorable risk factor for lymph node metastasis in submucosa-invasive gastric cancer, with a rate of metastasis of 4.7%[9]. The authors suggested that EBV positivity might be considered an additional criterion for the indication of endoscopic resection. We therefore reviewed cases of EBV-positive gastric cancer in which ESD was performed for diagnosis and treatment.

We conducted a database search of PubMed, Scopus and ScienceDirect using the following terms: (“gastric carcinoma” or “gastric cancer”) and (EBV or “Epstein-Barr virus” or “human herpesvirus 4”) and (“endoscopic submucosal dissection” or ESD). An search of reported references was also performed. A total of 9 cases were described with detailed clinical information in six reports[16-21]. Upon the addition of our 2 cases, 11 EBV-positive gastric submucosal cancer cases were ultimately collected by our database search (Table 1). This disease was found to be associated with male sex, proximal location, and depressed or SMT-like appearance. The diagnosis appeared to be difficult, as 5 cases (45.5%) were negative on pathological examination by forceps biopsy. Repeated biopsies failed to yield malignant cells in both of our cases. The depths of the tumor invasion were more than 1 mm into the submucosa from the deepest portion of the muscularis mucosae; however, the horizontal dimension was smaller than 2 cm in most cases. In the five cases that were subjected to subsequent radical gastrectomy with lymph node dissection, no lymph node metastasis was observed. Furthermore, neither local recurrence nor distant metastasis was reported throughout the follow-up periods. Therefore, submucosa-invasive cancer can be excised entirely, allowing us to cure the patients with early gastric cancer. Excessive and unnecessary gastrectomy might therefore be avoided and replaced by minimally invasive endoscopic resection.

Table 1 A summary of cases of Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric cancer treated using endoscopic submucosal dissection.

Study	Age (yr), Sex	Diameter (cm)	Lesions	Features	Biopsy diagnosis	ESD diagnosis	EBV	Depth	Additional surgery	Lymph node metasta-sis	Prognosis
Gromski et al[16], 2012	67, M	2 × 1.2	Lower body	Centrally depressed lesion	Chronic gastritis	Lymphoepithelioma-like gastric carcinoma	Positive	SM2	Not performed	ND	No recurrence for 12 M
Lee et al[17], 2012	43, M	NA	NA	Multiple elevated erosive lesions with mild central depressi-ons	Adenocarci-noma	Lymphoepithelioma-like gastric carcinoma with lymphoid-rich stroma	Positive	SM2 (1538 μm)	Not performed	ND	No recurrence for 24 M
Matsumoto et al[18], 2013	58, M	NA	Upper body	Submuco-sal tumor associated with a slightly depressed lesion	Adenocarci-noma	Gastric carcinoma with lymphoid stroma	Positive	SM2	Formal resection	Negative	NA
Lee et al[19], 2014	63, M	2.0	High body	Elevated lesion that displayed surface hyperemia	Moderately differentiat-ed adenocarci-noma	Lymphoepithelioma-like gastric carcinoma	Positive	SM2 (1800 μm)	Total gastrecto-my	Negative	No recurrence for 48 M
	65, M	1.0	Low body	Slightly elevated	Moderately differentiat-ed adenocarci-noma	Lymphoepithelioma-like gastric carcinoma	Positive	SM (1800 μm)	Not performed	ND	No recurrence for 32 M
	74, M	1.5	Low body	Slightly elevated lesion with central dimpling	A few markedly atypical cells	Lymphoepithelioma-like gastric carcinoma	Positive	SM2 (2500 μm)	Not performed	ND	No recurrence for 28 M
	84, M	1.5	Cardia	Large reddish and slightly depressed lesion	Moderately differentiated adenocarci-noma	Lymphoepithelioma-like gastric carcinoma	Positive	SM2 (2300 μm)	Not performed	ND	No recurrence for 27 M
Chen et al[20], 2016	50, M	2.5 × 2.5	Gastric body	A submuco-sal columnar lesion with surface erosion	Moderate chronic superficial gastritis	Lymphoepitheliomalike gastric carcinoma	Positive	SM	Total radical gastrecto-my	Negative	No recurrence for 12 M
Kato et al[21], 2018	53, M	2.0	Middle body	Subepithe-lial lesion with center depressed	Benign gastric mucosa	Gastric cancer with lymphoid stroma	Positive	SM2	Distal gastrecto-my	Negative	NA
Present cases	72, F	2.0	Middle body	Protruding lesions with central depression	No atypical cells	Gastric carcinoma with lymphoid stroma	Positive	SM2 (> 4000 μm)	Distal gastrecto-my	Negative	No recurrence for 14 M
	76, M	1.5	Lower body	Submuco-sal tumor	No atypical cells	Gastric carcinoma with lymphoid stroma	Positive	SM2 (5200 μm)	Not performed	ND	No recurrence for 12 M

ESD: Endoscopic submucosal dissection; EBV: Epstein-Barr virus; SM: Submucosa; ND: Not determined; NA: Not available; M: Male.

The European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy guidelines strongly recommend endoscopic resection for the treatment of superficial gastric neoplastic lesions that possess a very low risk of lymph node metastasis[22]. According to the recommendations of Japanese gastric cancer treatment guidelines, “endoscopic resection is considered for tumors that have a very low possibility of lymph node metastasis and are suitable for en-bloc resection” as a general principle regarding the indications for endoscopic resection[23]. The absolute indication as a standard treatment is well-differentiated adenocarcinoma with no ulceration, T1a depth, and diameter < 2 cm. The expanded indication for undifferentiated-type adenocarcinoma is T1a depth, no ulceration, and diameter < 2 cm. Based on our review of the previous reports of GCLS and EBV-associated carcinomas, endoscopic resection may thus be acceptable for mucosal GCLS even if it is of the undifferentiated-type, regardless of its horizontal diameter. For cases of submucosa-invasive EBV-associated carcinoma, ESD can also be a diagnostic procedure unless a diagnosis of GCLS is confirmed by forceps biopsy.

CONCLUSION

Further prospective studies into whether or not endoscopic resection can cure EBV-associated carcinomas are required to expand the therapeutic indications for gastric cancer. Positivity for EBV will be a useful predictive marker of lymph node metastasis, which can help us determine the optimal treatment strategy.