Genomic alterations in pancreatic cancer and their relevance to therapy

Figure 1 Core signaling pathways of pancreatic cancer. Twelve signaling pathways and cellular processes that are important in pancreatic cancer have been identified based on whole-exome sequencing analysis[9]. Various component genes associated with each pathway are mutated in most pancreatic cancers. Targeting one or more of these pathways, rather than specific gene alterations that occur within a pathway, would be a new strategy for treatment of pancreatic cancer. KRAS: V-ki-ras2 Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog; JNK: C-jun N-terminal kinase; TGF-β: Transforming growth factor-β.