Glycolysis-related five-gene signature correlates with prognosis and immune infiltration in gastric cancer

Figure 1 The workflow of construction and validation of the five-gene signature for gastric cancer. GSEA: Gene set enrichment analysis; GC: Gastric cancer; TCGA: The Cancer Genome Atlas; DEA: Differential expression analysis; LASSO: Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator; TMB: Tumor mutational burden; MSI: Microsatellite instability; K-M: Kaplan-Meier; ROC: Receiver operating characteristic.

Figure 2 Differentially expressed glycolysis genes and their functional analysis. A: Heatmap of the upregulated (yellow) and downregulated (green) genes between control (blue) and tumor (red) tissues of gastric cancer (GC); B: Volcano plot of the upregulated (red) and downregulated (green) genes between the normal (blue) and tumor (red) samples of GC; C and D: Gene Ontology enrichment (C) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (D) analysis of the 111 differential expressed glycolysis genes in GC; E: Interaction network of 111 differential expressed glycolysis genes. FC: Fold change.

Figure 3 Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator Cox regression analysis for the screening of prognostic genes and construction and validation of the risk score in training and test data. A: Choosing optimal lambda in least absolute shrinkage and selection operator; dotted lines were drawn at the optimal values; B: Coefficients of overall survival-related glycolytic genes; C and D: Kaplan-Meier analysis of different glycolysis status in training and internal testing data (yellow: High glycolysis status; blue: Low glycolysis status); E and F: Receiver operating characteristic curves of risk models. Red: 1 year, yellow: 3 years, and blue: 5 years; G and H: Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis of clinicopathological parameters including risk score to assess the prognostic value in The Cancer Genome Atlas of Stomach Adenocarcinoma. TCGA: The Cancer Genome Atlas; TPR: True positive rate; FPR: False positive rate; AUC: Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve.

Figure 4 External validation of risk model in different glycolysis status. A: Kaplan-Meier survival analysis of different glycolysis status in four external validation data (yellow: High glycolysis status; blue: Low glycolysis status); B: Receiver operating characteristic curves of four external validation data for risk models. Red: 1 year, yellow: 3 years, and blue: 5 years. TPR: True positive rate; FPR: False positive rate; AUC: Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve.

Figure 5 Nomogram combining glycolysis-related risk score and clinicopathological parameters for predicting gastric cancer patients’ survival. A: Construction of a nomogram including age, gender, grade, stage, T, N, M and risk score to predict 3- and 5-year overall survival (OS); B and C: A greement between predicted and observed 3- and 5-year OS. Dashed line indicated ideal performance. The actual performances were indicated by blue line (3-year OS) (B) and red line (5-year OS) (C); D: Merged results. OS: Overall survival.

Figure 6 Gene-set variation analysis and correlation between different glycolysis status in gastric cancer. Blue: High glycolysis status group. Green: Low glycolysis status group.

Figure 7 Correlation between different glycolysis status and immune cell infiltration and multiomics analysis including tumor mutational burden, neoantigen, microsatellite instability and drug sensitivity in patients with different glycolysis status. A: Different immune cell infiltration between different glycolysis status; B: Tumor mutational burden, neoantigen, microsatellite instability between patients with different glycolysis status; C: Drug sensitivity between patients with different glycolysis status. P < 0.05 indicates statistical significance. TMB: Tumor mutational burden; MSI: Microsatellite instability.

Figure 8 Correlation between patients with different clinicopathological parameters and different glycolysis status. Gender (0: Male, 1: Female), fustat (0: Live, 1: Dead). P < 0.05 indicates statistical significance. A: Age; B: Survival state; C: Gender; D: Pathological grade; E: M stage; F: N stage; G: Tumor-node-metastasis stage; H: T stage.