Chinese herbal medicine decreases incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in diabetes mellitus patients with regular insulin management

Figure 1 Flow chart of study enrolment. NHIRD: National Health Insurance Research Database; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; DM: Diabetes mellitus.

Figure 2 Kaplan–Meier analysis. A: Kaplan–Meier analysis shows lower cumulative incidence of liver cancer in regular herb users compared to nonusers in diabetes mellitus patients with insulin management during follow-up; B: Kaplan–Meier analysis shows longer survival in regular herb users compared to nonusers in diabetes mellitus patients with insulin control who had hepatocellular carcinoma in our study population. HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma.

Figure 3 Network analysis of the top thirty most prescribed herbs and formulas. The spot size indicates the frequency of Chinese herbal product prescription, and the line width indicates the combination frequency between two Chinese herbal products.