Lipid metabolism of hepatocellular carcinoma impacts targeted therapy and immunotherapy

Figure 1 Fatty acid metabolism in hepatocellular carcinoma. A: Fatty acid metabolic pathway diagram; B: Changes of fatty acid metabolism in hepatocellular carcinoma and related targets. ACC: Acetyl- CoA carboxylase; ACLY: ATP citrate lyase; ACOX: Acyl-CoA oxidase 1; ACS: Acyl-CoA synthetases; CPT: Carnitine palmitoyl transfer; FASN: Fatty acid synthase; FA-CoA: Fatty Acyl-CoA; FFA: Free fatty acids; MCD: Malonyl-CoA decarboxylase; MUFA: Monounsaturated fatty acid; PPARα: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α; TAC circle: Tricarboxylic acid cycle; SCD: Stearoyl-CoA desaturase; SIRT5: Sirtuin5; SREBP1c: Sterol-regulatory element binding protein 1c.

Figure 2 Cholesterol metabolism in hepatocellular carcinoma. A: Cholesterol metabolic pathway diagram; B: Changes of cholesterol metabolism in hepatocellular carcinoma and related targets. ABCA: ATP binding cassette subfamily A; ACAT1: Acyl-CoA cholesterol acyltransferase 1; CEs: Cholesterol esters; Farnesyl PP: Farnesyl diphosphate; HMGCR: 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase; HMGCS: 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase; HSP90: Heat shock protein 90; LDLR: Low-density lipoprotein receptor; LXR: Liver X receptor; mSREBP2: Mature sterol regulatory element binding protein 2; PI3K: Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase; PTEN: Phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on Chromosome 10; SQLE: Squalene epoxidase; XBP-u: The unspliced X-box binding protein 1.