Evaluating the causal relationship between human blood metabolites and gastroesophageal reflux disease

Figure 1 Overview of this Mendelian randomization analysis. Assumption 1, genetic instruments are strongly associated with the exposures of interest; Assumption 2, genetic instruments are independent of confounding factors; Assumption 3, genetic instruments are not associated with outcome and affect outcome only via exposures. IVW: Inverse variance weighted; LD: Linkage disequilibrium; LOO analysis: Leave-one-out analysis; MR-PRESSO: MR-Pleiotropy RESidual sum and outlier; SNPs: Single nucleotide polymorphisms; WM: Weighted median; BMI: Body mass index; T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Figure 2 Forest plot for the causality of blood metabolites on gastroesophageal reflux disease derived from inverse variance weighted analysis. CI: Confidence interval; OR: Odd ratio.

Figure 3 Scatterplot of significantly associated (inverse variance weighted derived P < 0. 05) and directionally consistent estimates. SNP: Single nucleotide polymorphisms.

Figure 4 Meta-analysis of significantly associated (inverse variance weighted derived P < 0. 05) between metabolites and gastroesophageal reflux disease. CI: Confidence interval; OR: Odd ratio.