Enhancing rectal cancer liver metastasis prediction: Magnetic resonance imaging-based radiomics, bias mitigation, and regulatory considerations

Abstract

In this article, we comment on the article by Long et al published in the recent issue of the World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology. Rectal cancer patients are at risk for developing metachronous liver metastasis (MLM), yet early prediction remains challenging due to variations in tumor heterogeneity and the limitations of traditional diagnostic methods. Therefore, there is an urgent need for non-invasive techniques to improve patient outcomes. Long et al’s study introduces an innovative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based radiomics model that integrates high-throughput imaging data with clinical variables to predict MLM. The study employed a 7:3 split to generate training and validation datasets. The MLM prediction model was constructed using the training set and subsequently validated on the validation set using area under the curve (AUC) and dollar-cost averaging metrics to assess performance, robustness, and generalizability. By employing advanced algorithms, the model provides a non-invasive solution to assess tumor heterogeneity for better metastasis prediction, enabling early intervention and personalized treatment planning. However, variations in MRI parameters, such as differences in scanning resolutions and protocols across facilities, patient heterogeneity (e.g., age, comorbidities), and external factors like carcinoembryonic antigen levels introduce biases. Additionally, confounding factors such as diagnostic staging methods and patient comorbidities require further validation and adjustment to ensure accuracy and generalizability. With evolving Food and Drug Administration regulations on machine learning models in healthcare, compliance and careful consideration of these regulatory requirements are essential to ensuring safe and effective implementation of this approach in clinical practice. In the future, clinicians may be able to utilize data-driven, patient-centric artificial intelligence (AI)-enhanced imaging tools integrated with clinical data, which would help improve early detection of MLM and optimize personalized treatment strategies. Combining radiomics, genomics, histological data, and demographic information can significantly enhance the accuracy and precision of predictive models.

Keywords: Metachronous liver metastasis; Radiomics; Machine learning; Rectal cancer; Magnetic resonance imaging variability; Bias mitigation; Food and Drug Administration regulations; Predictive modeling

Core Tip: The early detection of metachronous liver metastasis (MLM) in rectal cancer patients remains a challenge due to tumor heterogeneity and limitations in imaging methods. Long et al’s magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based radiomics model, integrated with machine learning algorithms, offers a novel non-invasive solution for improving MLM prediction. This approach has the potential to enhance personalized treatment planning and patient outcomes. However, addressing sources of bias such as MRI variability and patient heterogeneity, along with aligning the model with Food and Drug Administration regulations on artificial intelligence-based medical technologies, will be critical to successful clinical integration.