Effectiveness of RESET care program: A real-world-evidence on managing non-alcoholic fatty liver disease through digital health interventions

Table 1 Demographic and baseline parameters of study participants across intervention groups, n (%)

Parameters	Total	Group A	Group B	Group C
Total	22 (100)	7 (31.8)	9 (40.9)	6 (27.3)
Male	14 (63.6)	5 (71.4)	5 (55.5)	4 (66.6)
Age in years	45.59 ± 11.02	48.00 ± 12.03	45.89 ± 13.85	42.33 ± 2.94
Overweight	6 (27.3)	1 (14.2)	4 (44.4)	1 (16.7)
Obese	16 (72.7)	6 (85.8)	5 (55.6)	5 (83.3)
Region
North India	4 (18.2)	1 (25.0)	2 (50.0)	1 (25.0)
South India	9 (40.9)	1 (11.2)	4 (44.4)	4 (44.4)
West India	6 (27.3)	2 (33.3)	3 (50.0)	1 (16.7)
East India	3 (13.6)	3 (100.0)	0 (0)	0 (0)
Employment status
Student	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)
Housewife	4 (18.2)	0 (0)	2 (50.0)	2 (50.0)
Employed	12 (54.6)	4 (33.3)	6 (50.0)	2 (16.7)
Self-employed	3 (13.6)	2 (66.7)	1 (33.3)	0 (0.00)
Retired	3 (13.6)	1 (33.3)	0 (0)	2 (66.7)
Residence
Within metropolitan area	22 (100)	7 (31.8)	9 (40.9)	6 (27.3)
Dietary pattern
Vegetarian	7 (31.8)	4 (57.1)	2 (28.6)	1 (14.3)
Non-vegetarian	15 (68.2)	3 (20)	7 (46.7)	5 (33.3)

Table 2 Changes in the frequency of nutrient-rich foods and exercise habits across the intervention groups

Parameters	Group A		Group B		Group C
Frequency (times per month)	Baseline	End of study	Baseline	End of study	Baseline	End of study
Fruit	5.57 ± 1.17	10.71 ± 3.40	7.78 ± 3.40	10.89 ± 3.17	8.16 ± 2.78	12.16 ± 2.92
Vegetables (salads/kachumber/homemade soups)	12 ± 3.46	16.71 ± 3.54	11.33 ± 3.16	15.44 ± 2.69	6.17 ± 3.97	10.5 ± 4.37
Millets (Bajra/Jowar/Nachni etc.)	10.28 ± 3.03	15 ± 2.16	10.44 ± 3.84	13.55 ± 4.06	7.17 ± 3.06	11 ± 4.19
Eggs	5.57 ± 7.02	7.57 ± 9.47	8.11 ± 5.03	9.89 ± 6.27	9.16 ± 4.67	12 ± 6.06
Chicken/fish	4.57 ± 5.76	6 ± 7.83	8.44 ± 5.91	10.44 ± 6.83	7.67 ± 4.54	10.67 ± 5.89
Dals/pulses/sprouts (moong, matki, chawli, chole, rajma)	8.71 ± 4.34	11.42 ± 3.86	11.44 ± 4.63	13.89 ± 3.51	8.17 ± 3.19	15 ± 3.63
Nuts and seeds (almonds, walnuts, flaxseeds, sunflower seeds, chia seeds)	3 ± 2.16	7.28 ± 2.98	4.22 ± 3.56	7.88 ± 3.98	2.33 ± 1.75	6.33 ± 1.75
Milk and milk products	6.57 ± 2.57	9.71 ± 3.19	7.33 ± 3.04	9.78 ± 3.11	8.17 ± 2.56	12.67 ± 4.41
Exercise (walk, jog, yoga, pranayama, dance, sports)	3.71 ± 3.19	7.14 ± 3.33	2.33 ± 2.12	10.78 ± 2.38	4.33 ± 1.86	12.83 ± 1.94

Table 3 Changes in the frequency of energy-dense, nutrient-poor across the intervention groups

Parameters	Group A		Group B		Group C
Frequency (times per month)	Baseline	End of study	Baseline	End of study	Baseline	End of study
Refined food items (bread, pav, biscuits, cookies, rusk, toast, Khari, etc.)	11.7 ± 3.9	8 ± 2.44	12.78 ± 6.06	8.33 ± 3.94	12.67 ± 7.11	8.33 ± 4.96
Fried food (Puri, Kachori, Tikki, Bhature, Pakoras, Samosas, etc.)	11 ± 3.31	7.28 ± 2.69	11.67 ± 6.12	7.22 ± 4.32	11.00 ± 2.60	6.67 ± 1.63
Sweets (Laddu, Jalebi, Kulfi, Chocolate, Kheer, etc.)	7.28 ± 4.34	5.85 ± 3.53	8.11 ± 5.32	5.22 ± 3.59	8.00 ± 3.22	6 ± 1.67
High-salt snacks (Namkeen, Bhujia, Pickles, Papad, etc.)	8.42 ± 3.25	5.28 ± 2.56	12.11 ± 8.22	7.33 ± 4.58	9.5 ± 6.15	7.5 ± 4.23
Restaurant meals and/or takeouts	12.28 ± 5.02	7.14 ± 2.6	8.44 ± 3.00	4.11 ± 1.69	14.83 ± 5.15	7.33 ± 3.67
Red meat (mutton)	3.42 ± 3.35	2 ± 1.91	3.88 ± 2.42	2.33 ± 0.86	5.16 ± 3.43	2.16 ± 1.32

Table 4 Change in anthropometric parameters across three groups

Parameters	Change in anthropometric parameters
	Group A		Group B		Group C
	Baseline	90 days	Baseline	90 days	Baseline	90 days
Weight (kg)	87.61 ± 16.06	85.61 ± 15.55	82.61 ± 9.29	79.90 ± 8.64	101.10 ± 17.85	94.11 ± 17.38
BMI (kg/m2)	33.08 ± 4.03	32.25 ± 3.60	30.14 ± 2.26	29.14 ± 1.93	32.90 ± 3.02	30.72 ± 3.41
Muscle mass	54.66 ± 11.25	53.94 ± 11.66	54.66 ± 11.25	53.94 ± 11.66	54.66 ± 11.25	53.94 ± 11.66
Subcutaneous fat	24.38 ± 1.82	23.92 ± 1.82	22.44 ± 2.16	21.74 ± 2.10	23.68 ± 2.06	22.42 ± 2.97
Visceral fat	15.05 ± 3.61	13.95 ± 3.32	12.34 ± 2.27	11.11 ± 1.97	15.30 ± 2.65	13.14 ± 3.17

BMI: Body mass index.

Table 5 ANOVA and Tukey Honest Significant Difference test results for changes in anthropometric parameters across all intervention groups

Parameter	P value	Significant pairwise comparisons1
Weight change	0.00050	C > A, C > B
BMI change	0.00003	C > A, C > B
Subcutaneous fat change	0.00198	C > A, C > B
Visceral fat change	0.00015	C > A, C > B

¹Tukey’s Honest Significant Difference.

BMI: Body mass index.