Observational Study
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2022.
World J Hepatol. Apr 27, 2022; 14(4): 791-801
Published online Apr 27, 2022. doi: 10.4254/wjh.v14.i4.791
Table 1 Demographic characteristics of the study participants with and without nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Parameters
Total, n = 183
Non-NAFLD, n = 151
NAFLD, n = 32
P value
Sex (male)129 (70.5%)103 (68.2%)26 (81.3%)0.14
Age (yr)45.41 ± 11.5946.29 ± 12.0141.25 ± 8.30< 0.01
BMI (kg/m2)23.14 ± 2.6322.73 ± 2.4025.05 ± 2.82< 0.01
AST (U/L)25 (21-32)25 (21-31)25.5 (19.75-34.53)0.75
ALT (U/L)28 (19-41)26 (19-38)39.5 (27-59.5)< 0.01
γ-GT (U/L)25 (19-37)24 (18-32)39 (25-55.5)< 0.01
PLT (× 109/L)208.37 ± 61.13203.76 ± 63.49230.09 ± 42.900.03
HBsAg (IU/mL)0.09
≤ 1500105 (57.4%)91 (60.3%)14 (43.8%)
> 150078 (42.6%)60 (39.7%)18 (56.3%)
CRE (μmol/L)77.73 ± 17.9677.14 ± 18.0980.49 ± 17.280.34
UA (μmol/L)345.20 ± 92.53332.61 ± 85.18404.56 ± 103.65< 0.01
TG (μmol/L)1.22 ± 0.631.08 ± 0.421.85 ± 0.99< 0.01
TC (μmol/L)4.59 ± 0.984.52 ± 0.994.89 ± 0.820.05
HDL-C (μmol/l)1.18 ± 0.251.19 ± 0.261.11 ± 0.140.08
LDL-C (μmol/L)2.72 ± 0.682.66 ± 0.652.98 ± 0.730.02
ApoA1 (g/L)1.36 ± 0.191.36 ± 0.191.35 ± 0.150.85
ApoB (g/L)0.91 ± 0.180.89 ± 0.170.97 ± 0.180.02
TC/HDL-C3.94 ± 0.793.83 ± 0.754.44 ± 0.77< 0.01
HBV-DNA (+)131 (71.6%)116 (76.8%)15 (46.9%)< 0.01
HBeAg (+)49 (26.8%)39 (25.8%)10 (31.3%)0.52
NAs168 (91.8%)144 (95.4%)24 (75%)< 0.01
TC/HDL-C: the ratio of TC to HDL-C; NAFLD: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; BMI: Body mass index; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; γ-GT: γ-glutamyl transpeptidase; PLT: Platelets; HBsAg: Hepatitis B virus surface antigen; CRE: Creatinine; UA: Uric acid; TG: Triglyceride; TC: Total cholesterol; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; ApoA1: Apolipoprotein A1; ApoB: Apolipoprotein B; HBV-DNA (+): Hepatitis B virus DNA > 100 IU/mL; HBeAg (+): Hepatitis B e antigen positive; NAs: Nucleoside analogues.
Table 2 Binary logistic regression of independent risk factors of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Parameters
Statistics
OR
(95%CI)
P value
Gender (male)129 (70.5%)2.02(0.78-5.23)0.15
Age45.41 ± 11.590.96(0.92-1.00)0.03
BMI23.14 ± 2.631.40(1.20-1.63)< 0.01
AST25 (21–32)0.99(0.98-1.02)0.99
ALT28 (19–41)1.01(1.00-1.02)0.04
γ-GT25 (19–37)1.02(1.01-1.04)< 0.01
PLT208.37 ± 61.131.01(1.00-1.01)0.03
HBsAg (IU/mL)0.09
≤ 1500105 (57.4%)0.51(0.24-1.11)
> 150078 (42.6%)1.95(0.90-4.22)
CRE77.73 ± 17.961.01(0.99-1.03)0.34
UA345.20 ± 92.531.01(1.00-1.01)< 0.01
TG1.22 ± 0.636.72(3.07-14.71)< 0.01
TC4.59 ± 0.981.46(1.00-2.15)0.05
HDL-C1.18 ± 0.250.19(0.03-1.16)0.07
LDL-C2.72 ± 0.681.94(1.11-3.39)0.02
ApoA11.36 ± 0.190.81(0.10-6.44)0.84
ApoB0.91 ± 0.1811.86(1.37-102.86)0.03
TC/HDL-C3.94 ± 0.792.55(1.55-4.19)< 0.01
HBV-DNA (+)131 (71.6%)3.74(1.70-8.28)< 0.01
HBeAg (+)49 (26.8%)1.31(0.57-2.00)0.53
NAs168 (91.8%)0.15(0.05-0.44)< 0.01
TC/HDL-C: Cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; NAFLD: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; BMI: Body mass index; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; γ-GT: γ-glutamyl transpeptidase; PLT: Platelets; HBsAg: Hepatitis B virus surface antigen; CRE: Creatinine; UA: Uric acid; TG: Triglyceride; TC: Total cholesterol; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; ApoA1: Apolipoprotein A1; ApoB: Apolipoprotein B; HBV-DNA(+): Hepatitis B virus DNA > 100 IU/mL; HBeAg(+): Hepatitis B e antigen positive; NAs: Nucleoside analogues.
Table 3 Correlation between cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in different models
Variable
Model 1
Model 2
Model 3
OR
95%CI
P value
OR
95%CI
P value
OR
95%CI
P value
TC/HDL-C0.941.55-4.19)< 0.010.96(1.52-4.51)< 0.01-2.27(0.01-79.91)0.5
TC/HDL-C
≤ 3.5ReferenceReferenceReference
3.5-5-2.53(0.01-0.48)0.011.59(1.10-21.94)0.04-0.64(0.04-6.77)0.63
> 5-0.77(0.14-1.50)0.22.29(1.60-61.40)0.01-1.74(0.01-14.45)0.44
P for trend0.020.050.73
Model 1 was not adjusted for other pertinent clinical variables.
Model 2 was adjusted according to gender and age.
Model 3 was adjusted according to gender, age, body mass index, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, platelets, Hepatitis B virus surface antigen, creatinine, uric acid, triglyceride, total cholesterol, High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, Apolipoprotein A1, Apolipoprotein B, Hepatitis B virus DNA > 100 IU/mL, Hepatitis B e antigen positive, nucleoside analogues. CI: Confidence interval; TC: Total cholesterol; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol.
Table 4 The independent correlation between cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by multivariate piecewise linear regression
TC/HDL-C
β
95%CI
P value
< 4.95.4(2.3-12.6)< 0.01
≥ 4.90.5(0.1-2.2)0.39
Effect: nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, cause: Total cholesterol High-density lipoprotein cholesterol.
Adjusted: gender, age, Body mass index, aspartate aminotransferase, Alanine aminotransferase, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, Platelets, Hepatitis B virus surface antigen, Creatinine, Uric acid, Triglyceride, Total cholesterol, High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, Apolipoprotein A1, Apolipoprotein B, Hepatitis B virus DNA > 100 IU/mL, Hepatitis B e antigen positive, Nucleoside analogues. CI: Confidence interval; TC: Total cholesterol; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol.