Basic Study
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World J Hepatol. Mar 27, 2022; 14(3): 535-550
Published online Mar 27, 2022. doi: 10.4254/wjh.v14.i3.535
Fertaric acid amends bisphenol A-induced toxicity, DNA breakdown, and histopathological changes in the liver, kidney, and testis
Khaled Mohamed Mohamed Koriem
Khaled Mohamed Mohamed Koriem, Department of Medical Physiology, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt
Author contributions: Koriem KMM designed the study, conceived of the manuscript, wrote and edited the first and final versions of the manuscript, conducted the literature search, and read and approved the final manuscript.
Institutional review board statement: The study was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board of the National Research Centre (NRC), Giza, Egypt (Approval No. 21831).
Institutional animal care and use committee statement: All procedures involving animals were reviewed and approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the National Research Centre (NRC), Giza, Egypt (Approval No. 21831).
Conflict-of-interest statement: The authors declare that there are no conflict of interest to disclose.
Data sharing statement: No additional data are available.
ARRIVE guidelines statement: The authors have read the ARRIVE Guidelines, and the manuscript was prepared and revised according to the ARRIVE Guidelines.
CONSORT 2010 statement: The authors have read the CONSORT 2010 statement, and the manuscript was prepared and revised according to the CONSORT 2010 statement.
STROBE statement: The authors have read the STROBE Statement-checklist of items, and the manuscript was prepared and revised according to the STROBE Statement-checklist of items.
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Khaled Mohamed Mohamed Koriem, PhD, Professor, Department of Medical Physiology, National Research Centre, 33 El-Buhouth Street, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt. kkoriem@yahoo.com
Received: September 27, 2021
Peer-review started: September 29, 2021
First decision: November 7, 2021
Revised: November 10, 2021
Accepted: February 23, 2022
Article in press: February 23, 2022
Published online: March 27, 2022
Abstract
BACKGROUND

Bisphenol A (BPA) is present in many plastic products and food packaging. On the other hand, fertaric acid (FA) is a hydroxycinnamic acid.

AIM

To investigate the effect of FA on BPA-related liver, kidney, and testis toxicity, DNA breakdown, and histopathology in male rats.

METHODS

Thirty male albino rats were divided into five equal groups (6 rats/group): Control, paraffin oil, FA-, BPA-, and FA + BPA-treated groups. The control and paraffin oil groups were administered orally with 1 mL distilled water and 1 mL paraffin oil, respectively. The FA-, BPA-, and FA+ BPA-treated groups were administered orally with FA (45 mg/kg, bw) dissolved in 1 mL distilled water, BPA (4 mg/kg, bw) dissolved in 1 mL paraffin oil, and FA (45 mg/kg, bw) followed by BPA (4 mg/kg, bw), respectively. All these treatments were given once a day for 6 wk.

RESULTS

BPA induced a significant decrease in serum alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, sodium, potassium and chloride, testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, and testis protein levels but a highly significant increase in serum aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, lactate dehydrogenase, bilirubin, urea, creatinine, uric acid, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, sex hormone binding globulin, blood urea nitrogen, and testis cholesterol levels. Also, FA inhibited the degradation of liver, kidney, and testis DNA content. Oral administration of FA to BPA-treated rats restored all the above parameters to normal levels.

CONCLUSION

FA ameliorates BPA-induced liver, kidney, and testis toxicity, DNA breakdown, and histopathological changes.

Keywords: Bisphenol A, Fertaric acid, Liver, Kidney, Testis, Toxicity, DNA

Core Tip: BPA induced a significant decrease in serum alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, sodium, potassium and chloride, testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, and testis protein levels but a highly significant increase in serum aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, lactate dehydrogenase, bilirubin, urea, creatinine, uric acid, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, sex hormone binding globulin, blood urea nitrogen, and testis cholesterol levels. Also, FA inhibited DNA degradation in the liver, kidney, and testis. Oral administration of FA to BPA-treated rats restored all the above parameters to normal levels. Therefore, FA ameliorates BPA-induced liver, kidney, and testis toxicity, DNA breakdown, and histopathological changes.