Use of bone morphogenetic proteins in mesenchymal stem cell stimulation of cartilage and bone repair

Table 1 The use of bone morphogenetic proteins in the induction of chondrogenesis and osteogenesis in mesenchymal stem cells in vitro

BMP type and conditions	Cell type	Ref.
Chondrogenesis
BMP2 (micromass + TGF-β3)	BM MSCs	[41,45,46]
BMP2 (3D alginate beads)	BM MSCs	[37]
BMP4 (micromass + TGF-β3)	BM MSCs	[41]
BMP6 (micromass + TGF-β3)	BM MSCs	[41]
BMP7 (micromass + TGF-β3)	BM MSCs	[45,46]
BMP9 (3D alginate beads)	BM MSCs	[37]
BMP2 (3D agarose)	Synovial explant MSCs	[43]
BMP7 (3D agarose)	Synovial explant MSCs	[43]
BMP7 (monolayer)	Adipose derived MSCs	[44]
BMP7 (monolayer + Asc)	C3H10T1/2 (multipotent fibroblasts)	[54]
BMP2 (monolayer)	MC615 (chondrocyte precursors)	[53]
BMP4 (monolayer)	MC615 (chondrocyte precursors)	[53]
Osteogenesis
BMP2 (monolayer)	Adipose derived MSCs	[44]
BMP2 (monolayer + Dexa and Asc)	BM MSCs	[56,62]
BMP3 (monolayer + Dexa and Asc)	BM MSCs	[62]
BMP4 (monolayer + Dexa and Asc)	BM MSCs	[62]
BMP5 (monolayer + Dexa and Asc)	BM MSCs	[62]
BMP6(monolayer + Dexa and Asc)	BM MSCs	[62]
BMP6 (monolayer)	BM MSCs	[58]
BMP7 (monolayer + Dexa and Asc)	BM MSCs	[62]
BMP8a (monolayer + Dexa and Asc)	BM MSCs	[62]
BMP7 (monolayer + Asc)	C3H10T1/2 (multipotent fibroblasts)	[55]
BMP7 (monolayer + Asc)	MC3T3-E1 (committed osteoblasts)	[54]

MSC: Mesenchymal stem cell; BMP: Bone morphogenetic protein; Asc: Ascorbic acid; TGF: Transforming growth factor.

Table 2 Use of mesenchymal stem cells and bone morphogenetic proteins in cartilage and bone defects in vivo

Conditions	Scaffold	Ref.
MSCs and BMPs in cartilage defects
MSCs transfected with BMP7	Bioresorbable polimer scaffold	[94]
MSCs transfected with BMP7 and TGF-β1	Bilayered osteochondral scaffold	[95]
MSCs + TGF-β1, PDGF and BMP2	Bilayer scaffold with platelet rich plasma	[96]
MSCs + TGF-β1, TGF-β3, BMP2, 4 and 7	Osteochondral allograft with extracellular matrix proteins	[98]
MSCs and BMPs in bone defects
MSCs transfected with BMP2	Animal models of ectopic and orthotopic bone formation	[103-110]
MSCs transfected with BMP2	Alginate or type I collagen hydrogels	[111]
MSCs transfected with BMP2	Injectable chitosan biopolymer and inorganic phosphate	[112]
MSCs + BMP2	Macroporous β-tricalcium phosphate deposited by robocasting	[72]
MSCs + BMP7	Natural bone mineral particles	[113]
MSCs + BMP7	3D collagen nanofiber implant	[114]

MSC: Mesenchymal stem cell; BMP: Bone morphogenetic protein; TGF: Transforming growth factor.