Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells-derived exosomes for osteoporosis treatment

Table 1 Summary of studies on mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomes in osteoporosis treatment

Ref.	Exosome source	Cell type	Consequence
Zuo et al[24], 2019	BMSCs	BMSCs (after irradiation)	Alleviating radiation-induced bone loss by restoring Wnt/β-Catenin signaling pathway
Zhao et al[25], 2018	BMSCs	Osteoblasts (hFOB 1.19)	Promoting proliferation of osteoblasts via MAPK pathway
Liao et al[26], 2019	BMSCs	Osteoblasts	Promoting proliferation of osteoblasts by carrying miR-122-5p
Qi et al[27], 2016	hiPSC-MSCs	Osteoblasts	Promoting osteoblast proliferation, differentiation and bone formation
Hu et al[28], 2021	BMSCs	Osteoblasts	Promoting differentiation of osteoblasts by carrying miR-335
Zhang et al[31], 2021	AD-MSCs	Osteoclasts	Inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation in osteoclasts
Nakao et al[32], 2021	GMSCs	Osteoclasts	Inhibiting RANKL and reducing osteoclast formation by carrying miR-1260b via Wnt5a/JNK signal pathway
Xu et al[33], 2018	BMSCs	Osteoclasts	Increasing the number of osteoclasts by carrying miR-31a-5p via RhoA pathway
Wei et al[40], 2019	BMSCs	Osteoblasts	Promoting osteoblast differentiation by inhibiting macrophage polarization and reducing the levels of inflammatory factors

BMSCs: Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells; hiPSC-MSCs: Mesenchymal stem cells derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells; AD-MSCs: Adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells; GMSCs: Gingival tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells; MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase; NLRP3: NLR family pyrin domain containing 3; RANKL: Receptor activator of NF-κB ligand; Wnt5a: Wnt family member 5A; JNK: c-Jun N-terminal kinases.