Clinical trials using dental stem cells: 2022 update

doi:10.4252/wjsc.v15.i3.31

Advanced Search

BPG is committed to discovery and dissemination of knowledge

Home / Archive / Volume 15, Issue 3

This Article

Academic Content and Language Evaluation of This Article

CrossCheck and Google Search of This Article

Academic Rules and Norms of This Article

Supplementary Materials of This Article

Citation of this article

Corresponding Author of This Article

Research Domain of This Article

Article-Type of This Article

Open-Access Policy of This Article

Times Cited Counts in Google of This Article

Number of Hits and Downloads for This Article

Total Article Views (5462)

All Articles published online

The chart showing PDF series, WORD series, HTML series, Figures (1-1) series, Tables (1-4) series.

Item

Count

PDF

264

WORD

HTML

3943

Figures (1-1)

112

Tables (1-4)

144

Sum=4511

Featured Article

The chart showing Browse series, Download series.

Item

Count

Browse

134

Download

393

Sum=527

Publishing Process of This Article

Item

Count

Browse

126

Download

298

Sum=424

Mar 26, 2023 (publication date) through Apr 29, 2024

Times Cited of This Article

Times Cited (5)

Journal Information of This Article

Publication Name

World Journal of Stem Cells

ISSN

1948-0210

Publisher of This Article

Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

Review

World J Stem Cells. Mar 26, 2023; 15(3): 31-51
Published online Mar 26, 2023. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v15.i3.31

Table 1 Characteristics of different types of dental stem cells

Cell types	Markers			Multidirectional differentiations
Cell types	Cell surface markers	Embryonic stem cell markers	Nerual markers	Multidirectional differentiations
DPSCs	CD13, CD29, CD44, CD59, CD73, CD90, CD105, CD146, STRO-1[7], CD81, CD49f[140], CD40, CD120a, CD261, CD262, CD264, CD266, CD121a, CD130, CD213a1, CD217, CDw210b[141]	OCT-4, Nanog[142], SSEA-1, SEEA-4[140], SOX-2[143]	βIII-tubulin, NFM, Nestin, CNPase[144], S100, CD271[17]	Osteogenic, Odontogenic[145], Dentinogeni, Chondrogenic, Neurogenic, Myogenic, Adipogenic[13], Hepatogenic[146]
PDLSCs	CD13, CD29, CD44, CD49, CD73, CD90, CD105, CD146, CD166, CD271[147], CD10[7], STRO-1[148]	SSEA-1, SSEA-3, SSEA-4, TRA-1-60, TRA-1-81, OCT-4, Nanog, SOX-2, REX1, and ALP[149]	Nestin, OCT-4, SSEA-4[9] CD271, SOX-10[147], SOX-2[149]	Osteogenic, Cementogenic, Adipogenic, Chondrogenic, Neurogenic[13], Hepatogenic[149], Cardiac myogenic, Endothelial-like, Islet-like, Retinal ganglion-like[147]
SCAP	CD13, CD24, CD29, CD44, CD49, CD51, CD56, CD61, CD73, CD90, CD105, CD106, CD146, CD166, STRO-1, NOTCH-3[150], CD81, CD49f[151]	OCT-4, Nanog, SOX2[143], CD49f[151]	βIII-tubulin, NFM, Nestin, CNPase[144], SOX-2[143], Vimentin, Survivin[150]	Osteogenic, Dentinogenic, Adipogenic[15], Neurogenic[13], Chondrogenic, Hepatogenic[150]
SHED	CD29, CD73, CD90, CD166[13], STRO-1, CD44[145], CD105[152], NOTCH-1, CD10, CD13, CD34, CD106, CD146, CD166, CD271[102]	OCT-4, Nanog, SSEA-3[153], SSEA-4[152], NOTCH-1, OCT-4, SOX-2[102]	βIII-tubulin, NFM, Nestin, CNPase, GAD, NeuN, GFAP[154], CD271, Vimentin, OCT-4, PAX-6, NSE, MAP-2, PSA-NCAM, TH[102]	Osteogenic, Odontogenic[145], Dentinogenic, Chondrogenic, Neurogenic, Myogenic, Adipogenic[13], Hepatogenic[155]
DFPCs	CD13, CD29, CD59, CD90[7], CD105, CD146[142], CD44, CD73, NOTCH-1, STRO-1[156]	OCT-4, Nanog[142], NOTCH-1, SOX-2[156]	OCT-4, SOX2[9], Nestin, SOX-2[156]	Osteogenic, Cementogenic, Odontogenic, Adipogenic, Chondrogenic[13], Hepatogenic[146]
GMSCs	CD13, CD29, CD44, CD73, CD90, CD105, CD146, STRO-1[16]	SSEA-4[16], OCT-4, Nanog[157]	Nestin, SOX10[16], βIII-tubulin, NFM, CNPase[144]	Osteogenic, Adipogenic, Chondrogenic, Neurogenic, Endothelial-like, Odontogenic[16], Myogenic[158]

ALP: Alkaline phosphatase; CD: Cluster of differentiation; CNPase: 2’,3’-cyclic nucleotide 3’-phosphodiesterase; GAD: Glutamic acid decarboxylase; GFAP: Glial fibrillary acidic protein; MAP-2: Microtubule associated protein 2; NeuN: Neuronal nuclei; NFM: Neurofilament medium chain; NGFR: Nerve growth factor receptor; NSE: Neuron-specific enolase; OCT: Octamer-binding transcription factor; PAX-6: Paired Box 6; PSA-NCAM: Polysialylated neural cell adhesion molecule; REX-1: RNA exonuclease 1 homolog; SOX: Sex determining region Y-box; SSEA: Stage-specific embryonic antigen; TH: Tyrosine hydroxylase; SHED: Stem cells from exfoliated deciduous teeth.

Table 2 Dental stem cell-based clinical trials from published articles

Ref.	Registration ID	Conditions/diseases	Study design	Cell source	Administration route	Interventions		Follow-up period	Outcomes
Ref.	Registration ID	Conditions/diseases	Study design	Cell source	Administration route	Test group	Control group	Follow-up period	Outcomes
Xuan et al[28], 2018	NCT01814436	Pulp necrosis	RCT	Autologous deciduous pulp	Implanted into injured teeth	SHED (n = 26)	Traditional apexification treatment (n = 10)	12 mo; 24 mo	Dental pulp tissue regeneration; no adverse events observed; the length of the root (↑); the width of the apical foramen (↓)
Nakashima et al[35], 2022	None	Irreversible pulpitis	Case series	Autologous dental pulp	Transplanted into the root canal	DPSCs + Gelatin sponge + G-CSF (n = 5)	None	1, 2, 4, 12, 24, 28, 32 wk	Pulp sensibility (↑); MRI examination showed similar SI between test teeth and untreated controls
Nakashima et al[37], 2017	None	Irreversible pulpitis	Case series	Autologous dental pulp	Transplanted into the root canal	DPSCs + Gelatin sponge + G-CSF (n = 2)	None	1, 4, 12, 24, and 48 wk	MRI examination showed similar SI between test teeth and untreated controls; mineralized tissue deposition (↑)
Meza et al[36], 2019	None	Irreversible pulpitis	A case report	Autologous inflamed dental pulp	Transplanted into the root canal	DPSCs + L-PRF (n = 1)	None	6 mo; 3 year	Delayed response to the cold test; positive response to electric pulp testing; dentin bridge formation
Shiehzadeh et al[38], 2014	None	Periapical lesions	Case series	Case 1 and case 3: Autologous apical papilla; case 2: Deciduous pulp	Case 1 and Case 3: Injected from root apex to cavity; case 2: Injected into the defect via a surgical approach	Case 1 and Case 3: SCAP + PEG-PLGA scaffold (n = 2); case 2: SHED + PEG-PLGA scaffold (n = 1)	None	Case 1: 30 d, 3 mo, 1 year; 2 year; case 2: 3, 6, 18 mo; case 3: 3, 6, 12, 24 mo	Developed mature apices; periapical tissue healing (↑)
Prasad et al[39], 2017	None	Periapical lesions	Case series	Allogeneic deciduous pulp	Transplanted into the root canal	SHED + Bioglass (n = 2)	None	7, 30, 90, 180, 365 d	Closure of open apex; periapical tissue healing; positive response to electric pulp testing and cold testing
Prasad et al[40], 2019	None	Periapical lesions	A case report	Allogeneic deciduous pulp	Transplanted into the root canal and periapical area	SHED + Bioglass (n = 1)	None	2 wk; 4, 12, 24 mo	Periapical tissue healing; positive response to electric pulp testing
Ferrarotti et al[41], 2018	NCT03386877	Periodontal intrabony defects	RCT	Autologous dental pulp	Implanted into bone defect sites consisted of MIST	Pulp micrografts + Collagen sponge (n = 15)	Collagen sponge (n = 14)	6 and 12 mo	PD (↓); CAL (↓); bone defect fill (↑); residual PD < 5 mm and CAL gain ≥ 4 mm (↑)
Sánchez et al[42], 2020	ISRCTN13093912	Periodontal intrabony defects	CCT	Autologous periodontal ligament	Implanted into bone defect sites via surgical approach	PDLSCs + β-TCP (n = 9)	β-TCP (n = 10)	1, 3, 6, 9, 12 mo	CAL (-); PPD (-)
Feng et al[43], 2010	None	Periodontal intrabony defects	Case series	Autologous periodontal ligament	Implanted into bone defect sites via surgical approach	PDLPs + HA/TCP (n = 3)	None	3, 6, 12, 32, 42, and 72 mo	CAL (↓); PD (↓); GR (↑)
Chen et al[29], 2016	NCT01357785	Periodontal intrabony defects	RCT	Autologous periodontal ligament	Implanted into bone defect sites via surgical approach	PDLSCs sheets + DBBM (n = 20)	DBBM (n = 21)	2 wk; 3, 6, 12 mo	CAL (-); PD (-); GR (-)
Iwata et al[44], 2018	UMIN000005027	Periodontal intrabony defects	Case series	Autologous periodontal ligament	Implanted into bone defect sites via surgical approach	PDL-derived cell sheets + β-TCP (n = 10)	None	3, 6, 55 ± 19 mo	CAL (↓); PD (↓); bone height (↑)
Vandana et al[125], 2015	None	Periodontal intrabony defects	A case report	Autologous periodontal ligament	Implanted into bone defect sites via surgical approach	Periodontal ligament soft tissue + Gelatin sponge + Cementum scrapings (n = 1)	None	1 wk; 3, 6, 12 mo	CAL (↓); PD (↓); BMD (↑)
Aimetti et al[47], 2014	None	Periodontal intrabony defects	A case report	Autologous dental pulp	Implanted into bone defect sites via surgical approach	Pulp micrografts + Collagen sponge (n = 1)	None	6 mo; 1 year	PPD (↓); bone fill (↑)
Aimetti et al[46], 2018	None	Periodontal intrabony defects	Case series	Autologous dental pulp	Implanted into bone defect sites via surgical approach	Pulp micrografts + Collagen sponge (n = 11)	None	1 year	CAL (↓); PD (↓); bone fill (↑)
Aimetti et al[49], 2015	None	Periodontal intrabony defects	Case series	Autologous dental pulp	Implanted into bone defect sites via surgical approach	Pulp micrografts + Collagen sponge (n = 4)	None	6, 12 mo	PD (↓); CAL (↓); bone fill (↑)
Hernández-Monjaraz et al[48], 2018	ISRCTN12831118	Periodontal intrabony defects	A case report	Allogeneic dental pulp	Implanted into bone defect sites via surgical approach	DPSCs + Lyophilized collagen-polyvinylpyrrolidone sponge scaffold (n = 1)	None	3, 6 mo	PD (↓); TM (↓); bone fill (↑)
Barbier et al[57], 2018	EudraCT database 2014-001913-18	Post-extraction sockets	Split-mouth RCT	Autologous dental pulp	Implanted into postextraction sockets	Pulp micrografts + collagen matrix (n = 30)	Collagen matrix (n = 30)	6 mo	BMD (-); interdental septum height (-)
Cubuk et al[62], 2023	NCT04641533	Post-extraction sockets	Split-mouth RCT	Autologous dental pulp	Implanted into postextraction sockets	Pulp micrografts + L-PRF (n = 13)	L-PRF (n = 13)	7 d; 6 mo	PPD (-); CAL (-); vertical bone loss (-); relative bone density (-)
d’Aquino et al[58], 2009	None	Post-extraction sockets	Split-mouth CCT	Autologous dental pulp	Implanted into postextraction sockets	Dental pulp stem/progenitor cells + collagen sponge (n = 7)	Collagen sponge (n = 7)	7 d; 1, 2, 3, 12 mo	Rate of mineralization (↑); levels of cortical bone (↑); CAL (↓); BMP-2, VEGF (↑)
Tanikawa et al[63], 2020	NCT03766217	Cleft lip and palate	Historical control study	Autologous deciduous pulp	Placed into the alveolar defect via surgical approach	SHED + Hydroxyapatite-collagen sponge (n = 6)	rhBMP-2 + Hydroxyapatite-collagen sponge (Group I n = 8); Iliac crest bone graft (Group II n = 8)	6, 12 mo	Bone filling percentage (↑, compared with Group I at the 6-mo follow-up)
Manimaran et al[59], 2014	None	Mandibular osteoradionecrosis	A case report	Allogeneic dental pulp	Inserted into the defect after surgical curettage	DPSCs + PRP + TCP (n = 1)	None	2, 6 mo	Bone formation (↑)
Manimaran et al[60], 2016	None	Bone defect left by the resection of mandibular ameloblastoma	A case report	Autologous dental pulp	Packed inside the mesh and placed over the mandible after tumor resection	DPSCs + β-TCP + PRF + SVF (n = 1)	None	1, 10 mo; 1.5 years	Bone regeneration (↑); no recurrence of tumor
Brunelli et al[61], 2013	None	Sinus lifting	A case report	Autologous dental pulp	Implanted into sinus cavity	Pulp micrografts + Collagen sponge (n = 1)	None	4 mo	BMD (↑)
Koga et al[64], 2022	None	Erectile dysfunction	Case series	Allogeneic deciduous pulp	Injected into the penis	SHED-CM (n = 38)	None	After every injection	IIEF-5 score (↑)
Silva et al[65], 2022	NCT02728115	Huntington’s disease with preexisting pulmonary nodule	A case report	Allogeneic deciduous pulp	Intravenous administrations	SHED (n = 1)	None	15, 30 d; 7, 24, 32 mo	Unified Huntington’s disease rating scale (↓); not show long-term tropism or homing for the lung adenocarcinoma
Wang et al[93], 2010	None	Plaque psoriasis	A case report	Allogeneic gingival	Bolus injection	GMSCs (n = 1)	None	3 years	Psoriatic lesions fully cleared; no recurrence
Suda et al[67], 2022	NCT04608838; JapicCTI194570	Acute ischemic stroke	Study protocol	Allogeneic dental pulp	Intravenous administration	DPSCs	Placebo	Per 15 min (1-4 h); per 30 min (4-6 h); 12, 24 h; 2, 3, 8, 31, 91, 181, 366 d	No results
Nagpal et al[68], 2016	None	Chronic disability after stroke	Study protocol	Autologous dental pulp	Implanted into peri-infarct region via neurosurgical procedure	DPSCs	None	1, 6, 9, 12 mo	No results
Ye et al[69], 2020	ChiCTR2000031319: NCT04336254	COVID-19	Study protocol	Allogeneic dental pulp	Intravenous administration	DPSCs	Saline	2 h ± 30 min; 24 h ± 30 min; 90 d ± 3 d	No results

BMD: Bone mineral density; CAL: Clinical attachment level; CCT: Controlled clinical trials; COVID-19: Coronavirus disease 2019; DBBM: Deproteinized bovine bone mineral; GR: Gingival recession; G-CSF: Granulocyte colony stimulating factor; HA/TCP: Hydroxyapatite/tricalcium phosphate; IIEF: International index of erectile function; L-PRF: Leukocyte-platelet rich fibrin; MIST: Minimally invasive surgical technique; MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging; PD: Probing depth; PDL: Periodontal ligament; PDLPs: Periodontal ligament progenitor cells; PPD: Periodontal probing depth; PRF: Platelet rich fibrin; PRP: Platelet-rich plasma; PEG-PLGA: Poly (lactide-co glycolide)-polyethylene glycol; RCT: Random clinical trial; rh-BMP: Recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein; SI: Signal intensity; SVF: Stromal vascular fraction: TCP: Tricalcium phosphate; TM: Tooth mobility; VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor; SHED-CM: Stem cells from exfoliated deciduous teeth conditioned medium.

Table 3 Dental stem cell-based clinical trials registered at clinicaltrials.gov

Ref.	Registration ID	Status	Diseases	Study design	Cell source	Administration route	Number of patients	Interventions		Follow-upperiod	Phase	Outcomes
Ref.	Registration ID	Status	Diseases	Study design	Cell source	Administration route	Number of patients	Test group	Control group	Follow-upperiod	Phase	Outcomes
-	NCT04983225	Recruiting	Periodontitis	Randomized; parallel assignment; double-blind (participant, investigator)	Dental pulp	Injecting into the periodontal defect site	36	DPSCs (1 × 10⁶)/site; DPSCs (5 × 10⁶)/site; DPSCs (3-4 × 10⁷)/three or four sites; DPSCs (1 × 10⁷)/site; DPSCs (2 × 10⁷)/two sites	Saline solution	90, 180, 360, 720 d	Phase 1
-	NCT02523651	Unknown	Periodontitis	Randomized; parallel assignment; triple-blind (participant, investigator, outcomes Assessor)	Allogeneic dental pulp	Injecting into the periodontal defect site	40	DPSCs (1 × 10⁶)	Saline solution	1 year	Phase 1/2
-	NCT03386877	Completed	Periodontitis	Randomized; parallel assignment; triple-blind (participant, investigator, outcomes assessor)	Autologous dental pulp	Delivering into intrabony defect via minimally invasive surgical technique	29	Micrografts of DPSCs + Collagen sponge	Collagen sponge	6, 12 mo	Not applicable
-	NCT01082822	Unknown	Periodontitis	Nonrandomized; parallel assignment; open label	Periodontal ligament	Implanted into bone defect sites via surgical approach	80	PDLSCs sheet fragment + DBBM (Bio-oss); PDLSCs sheet pellets + DBBM (Bio-oss); DBBM (Bio-oss)	Sham comparator	4, 12, 24 wk; 1 year	Phase 1/2
-	NCT03638154	Completed	Periodontitis	Randomized; parallel assignment; double-blind (care provider, outcomes assessor)	Gingival	Implanted into bone defect sites via surgical approach	20	GFs + GMSCs + β-TCP	β-TCP	1, 3, 7, 14 d; 6 mo	Not applicable
-	NCT03137979	Unknown	Periodontitis	Randomized; parallel assignment	Gingival	Implanted into bone defect sites via surgical approach	30	GMSCs + Collagen scaffolds; collagen scaffolds	Open flap debridement	1, 3, 6 mo	Phase1/2
Chen et al[29], 2016	NCT01357785	Unknown	Periodontitis	Randomized; parallel assignment; open label	Autologous periodontal ligament		35		None	3-12 mo	Phase1
Cubuk et al[62], 2023	NCT04641533	Completed	Post-extraction sockets	Split-mouth; randomized; crossover assignment; double-blind (investigator, outcomes assessor)	Dental pulp	Placing into the extraction socket	13	DPSCs + L-PRF	L-PRF	7 d; 6 mo	Not applicable
-	NCT02731586	Unknown	Edentulous alveolar ridge	Single group assignment; open label	Allogeneic dental pulp	Introducing dental pulp-derived mesenchymal stem cells during placement of dental implants	10	Dental pulp-derived MSCs	None	3 mo	Early Phase 1
Tanikawa et al[63], 2020; Pinheiro et al[70], 2019	NCT03766217	Completed	Cleft lip and palate	Randomized; parallel assignment; single-blind (outcomes assessor)	Autologous deciduous pulp	Placed into the alveolar defect via surgical approach	62	SHED + Hydroxyapatite-collagen sponge	Iliac crest autogenous bone graft	15 d; 3, 6, 12 mo	Phase3
Tanikawa et al[63], 2020	NCT01932164	Completed; Has results	Cleft lip and palate	Single group assignment; open label	Autologous deciduous pulp	Maxillary alveolar graft by tissue engineering	5	SHED + Hydroxyapatite-collagen sponge	None	3, 6 mo	Not applicable	Percentage of bone filling at 6 mo postoperatively: 89.5%
-	NCT04130100	Unknown	Knee osteoarthritis	Randomized; parallel assignment; open label	Dental pulp	Intraarticular injection	60	Low dose of DPSCs; high dose of DPSCs	Sodium hyaluronate	12 mo	Early phase 1
-	NCT01814436	Unknown	Dental pulp necrosis	Single group assignment;open label	Autologous deciduous pulp		80	Scaffold-free SHED-derived pellet	None	3-12 mo	Not applicable
-	NCT03957655	Unknown	Liver cirrhosis	Randomized; parallel assignment; single-blind (outcomes assessor)	Autologous deciduous pulp	Peripheral vein infusion	40	SHED (1 × 10⁶ cells/kg body weight)	Standard medication for viral hepatitis and cirrhosis	4, 8, 12, 16, 24 wk	Early phase 1
-	NCT03912480	Unknown	Type 1 diabetes	Single group assignment; open label	Deciduous pulp	Intravenous drip	24	SHED (0.11 IU/kg body weight) + Insulin + oral hypoglycemic drugs	None	1, 2, 6 wk; 2, 3, 6, 9, 12 mo	Early phase 1
Suda et al[67], 2022	NCT04608838	Completed	Acute ischemic stroke	Randomized;Parallel assignment;Quadruple-blind (Participant, Care Provider, Investigator, Outcomes Assessor);	Allogeneic dental pulp	Intravenously infusion	79	DPSCs (JTR-161, 1 × 10⁸ cells); DPSCs (JTR-161, 3 × 10⁸ cells)	Placebo	91, 366 d	Phase 1/2
-	NCT02728115	Active, not recruiting		Nonrandomized; parallel assignment; open label	Allogeneic deciduous pulp	Intravenous administration	6	SHED (Cellavita HD, 1 × 10⁶ cells); SHED (Cellavita HD, 2 × 10⁶ cells)	None	1, 4 years	Phase 1
-	NCT04219241	Active, not recruiting	Huntington’s disease	Single group assignment; open label	Allogeneic deciduous pulp	Intravenous administration	35	SHED (Cellavita HD, 2 × 10⁶ cells)	None	1, 2 years	Phase 2/3
Wenceslau et al[71], 2022	NCT03252535	Completed	Huntington’s disease	Randomized; parallel assignment; triple-blind (participant, investigator, outcomes assessor)	Allogeneic deciduous pulp	Intravenous administration	35	SHED (Cellavita HD, 1 × 10⁶ cells); SHED (Cellavita HD, 2 × 10⁶ cells)	Physiological solution without cells	Monthly for 14 mo	Phase 2
Ye et al[69], 2020	NCT04336254	Recruiting	COVID-19	Randomized; parallel assignment; triple-blind (participant, investigator, outcomes assessor)	Allogeneic dental pulp	Intravenous injection	20	DPSCs (3 × 10⁷ cells)	Saline	28 d	Phase 1/2
-	NCT04302519	Unknown	COVID-19	Single group assignment; open label	Dental pulp	Intravenous injection	24	DPSCs (1 × 10⁷ cells/kg body weight)	None	3, 7, 14, 28, 360 d	Early phase 1

DBBM: Deproteinized bovine bone mineral; GFs: Gingival fibroblast; PRF: Platelet-rich fibrin; TCP: Tricalcium phosphate; DPSCs: Dental pulp stem cells; SHED: Stem cells from exfoliated deciduous teeth.

Table 4 Dental stem cell-based clinical trials registered on the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform

Ref.	Registration ID	Status	Diseases	Study design	Cell source	Administration route	Number of patients	Interventions		Follow-up period	Phase	Outcomes
Ref.	Registration ID	Status	Diseases	Study design	Cell source	Administration route	Number of patients	Test group	Control group	Follow-up period	Phase	Outcomes
-	JPRN-UMIN000042791	Complete: Follow-up complete	Periodontitis	Randomized; parallel assignment; single-blind (participants)	Deciduous pulp	Gargle	30	Mouthwash containing SHED culture supernatant	Mouthwash without SHED culture supernatant	1 mo	Not applicable
-	ChiCTR2100051466	Recruiting	Periodontitis	Randomized; parallel assignment; open label	Dental pulp	Bilateral multipoint injection on a single tooth	96	DPSCs (1 × 10⁷ cells) for once; DPSCs (1 × 10⁷ cells) for twice	Saline	90, 180, 360 d	Phage 0
-	ChiCTR2100049178	Pending	Periodontitis	Randomized; parallel assignment; double-blind	Dental pulp	Local injection	36	DPSCs (1 × 10⁶ cells) for single injection; DPSCs (5 × 10⁶ cells) for single injection; DPSCs (1 × 10⁷ cells) for single injection; DPSCs (1 × 10⁷ cells) for single injection in 2 locations; DPSCs (1 × 10⁷ cells) for single injection in 3-4 locations	None		Phage 1
Sánchez et al[42], 2020	ISRCTN13093912	Completed	Periodontitis	Randomized; parallel assignment; single-blind (patients and examiners)	Dental pulp	Implanted into bone defect sites via surgical approach	20	DPSCs (1 × 10⁷ cells) + hydroxyapatite-collagen scaffold	Hydroxyapatite-collagen scaffold	1, 2, 4, 12, 24, 36 wk; 12, 24, 36, 48, 60 mo	Not applicable
-	JPRN-UMIN000045926	Complete: Follow-up complete	Wrinkles	Randomized; parallel assignment; single-blind (outcomes assessor)	Dental pulp		12	All-in-one gel containing immortalized DPSCs-CM solution and various beauty ingredients	No treatment	4 wk	Not applicable
-	JPRN-UMIN000043528	Complete: Follow-up complete	Wrinkles	Randomized; parallel assignment; single-blind (outcomes assessor)	Dental pulp		12	All-in-one gel containing immortalized DPSC-CM solution and the latest peptide raw materials	No treatment	4 wk	Not applicable
-	JPRN-UMIN000045897	Complete: Follow-up continuing	Hair loss	Nonrandomized; parallel assignment; open label	Deciduous pulp	Injection	22	SHED-CM; after SHED-CM injection, one dose of micrografts (Rigenera) followed by another SHED-CM injection; SHED-CM injection after one dose of micrografts (Rigenera)	None	6 mo	Not applicable

DPSCs: Dental pulp stem cells; SHED-CM: Stem cells from exfoliated deciduous teeth conditioned medium.

Citation: Song WP, Jin LY, Zhu MD, Wang H, Xia DS. Clinical trials using dental stem cells: 2022 update. World J Stem Cells 2023; 15(3): 31-51
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-0210/full/v15/i3/31.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4252/wjsc.v15.i3.31